Figure 1
Utecht Healthy School timeline.
Figure 2
Health Promoting School hierarchy of goals and processes [35].
Figure 3
A summary of Guggleberger and Dür’s needs of schools and the capacity building measures for schools for Health Promoting School implementation [50].
Table 1
Variables measured in the questionnaire.
| Factor | Operational variable |
|---|---|
| School level | |
| School | Coded: 1, 2, 3 or 4 |
| Individual/student level | |
| Socio-demographic characteristics | |
| Ethnicity* | Dutch, Moroccan, Turkish, Surinamese, Netherlands Antilles, other. |
| Socio-economic status* | Family affluence scale (FAS) [39] |
| School level* | Level 1 (‘VMBO’) to level 3 (‘VWO’) |
| Age* | |
| Gender* | M/F |
| Behaviour | |
| Ever alcohol use* | Yes/No |
| Recent alcohol use* | Yes/No |
| Frequency of recent alcohol use* | ‘Number of times ever’/‘Number of times per month’ |
| Ever smoked* | Yes/No |
| Active smoker* | Yes/No |
| Frequency of smoking* | ‘Number of times per week’/‘Quantity per week’ |
| Ever cannabis use* | Yes/No |
| Recent cannabis use* | Yes/No |
| Frequency of cannabis use* | ‘Number of times ever’/‘Number of times per month’ |
| Breakfast habits* | Number of days per week |
| Fruit consumption* | Portions per week |
| Vegetable consumption* | Number of days per week |
| Physical activity* | At least on average one hour a day moderate to intense physical activity |
| Recent bullying* | More than once per month |
| Recent, frequent bullying* | More than once per week |
| Recent being bullied* | More than once per month |
| Recent, frequent being bullied* | More than once per week |
| Ever had intercourse* | Yes/No |
| Age of first intercourse debut* | Age of student |
| Contraceptive use behaviour* | Range from ‘Always’ to ‘Never’ (5 point Likert scale) |
| Ever had STD* | Yes/No/Unsure |
| Time spent watching television* | Hours per week |
| Time spent on pc/internet* | Hours per week |
| Compulsive pc/internet use | Compulsive internet use scale (CIUS) [40] |
| Time spent (online) gaming* | Hours per week |
| Compulsive (online) gaming | Videogame addition test (VAT) [41] |
| Health outcome | |
| Physical health* | Body mass index (BMI) |
| Psychosocial health | Strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ)* [42, 43] |
| Self efficacy measure [44] |
[i] *Variables directly based on the Dutch HBSC questionnaire.