Figure 1
Research Framework.
Table 1
Intervention study design.
| PRE-TEST | INTERVENTION TREATMENT | POST-TEST | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Test Group 1 | O1 | X | O2 |
| Test Group 2 | O1 | X | O2 |
| Control Group | O1 | _ | O2 |
Table 2
Non-pharmacological Intervention approach summary.
| SESSIONS | INTERVENTION APPROACH | SESSION TARGET |
|---|---|---|
| No. 1 Sailing together | Group dynamics | Get the members connected and make the group contract; Needs assessment responses and group introduction. |
| No. 2 Knowing your brain | Cognitive training | Number calculation training and group puzzles; Color and shape riddles competition in pairs. |
| No. 3 Music Magic | Music Therapy | Music therapy introduction and practice; Meditation and relax exercise;Positive communication with family. |
| No. 4 Reactivate the functions | Cognitive training | Master the associative memory approach; Further group cohesion building. |
| No. 5 Hands and Brian | Therapeutic touch | Pain release with family members; Facilitate the positive communication between family members. |
| No. 6 Life creations | Creative story telling | Facilitate the creative and expressive ability; Facilitate the mutual communication in the group. |
| No. 7 Recall and recharge | Reminiscence therapy | Enhance the self-esteem and self-efficacy; Enhance the language and communication ability. |
| No. 8 Moving forward together | “4F”Reflection Model | Promote the teamwork ability; Reflect on previous session gaining;Build up hope and strengthen the group affiliation and group support. |
Table 3
Comparison of general data between Test Group and control group.
| TERMS | TEST GROUP 1 (N = 19) | TEST GROUP 2 (N = 19) | CONTROL GROUP (N = 16) | T1; P1 | T2; P2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Male 11 (58.0%) | Female 8 (42.1%) | Male 10 (52.6%) | Female 9 (47.4%) | Male 7 (43.8%) | Female 9 (56.3%) | –0.818; >0.05 | –0.511; >0.05 |
| Age | 75.95 ± 5.191 | 71.42 ± 8.591 | 74.00 ± 7.581 | 0.898; >0.05 | –0.933; >0.05 | |||
| Education | Elementary school and below 0 (0%) | Elementary school and below 3 (15.8%) | Elementary school and below 3 (18.8%) | 1.455; >0.05 | 0.692; >0.05 | |||
| Junior high school/technical secondary school5 (26.3%) | Junior high school/technical secondary school4 (21.1%) | Junior high school/technical secondary school2 (12.5%) | ||||||
| High School/Technical School7 (36.8%) | High School/Technical School3 (15.8%) | High School/Technical School8 (50%) | ||||||
| Undergraduate/College6 (31.6%) | Undergraduate/College9 (47.4%) | Undergraduate/College3 (18.8%) | ||||||
| Master’s degree and above 1 (5.3%) | Master’s degree and above 0 (0%) | Master’s degree and above 0 (0%) | ||||||
| Working conditions | Retired | Retired | Retired | |||||
[i] Note: t1; p1 is the comparison between test group 1 and control group; t2; p2 is comparison between test group 2 and control group.
Table 4
Comparison of baseline data of three groups of patients.
| SCALE | TEST GROUP 1 N = 19 | TEST GROUP 2 N = 19 | CONTROL GROUP N = 16 | T1; P1 | T2; P2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MMSE | 22.26 ± 3.914 | 23.42 ± 4.525 | 22.88 ± 4.573 | –0.427; >0.05 | 0.354; >0.05 |
| MoCA-BJ | 18.83 ± 5.193 | 18.37 ± 6.085 | 17.56 ± 5.341 | 0.703; >0.05 | 0.412; >0.05 |
| ADL | 16.63 ± 4.362 | 15.53 ± 2.270 | 16.00 ± 3.266 | 0.477; >0.05 | –0.504; >0.05 |
| PSQI | 6.44 ± 4.422 | 5.95 ± 4.275 | 6.20 ± 4.814 | 0.152; >0.05 | –0.162; >0.05 |
| GDS | 9.37 ± 6.157 | 8.21 ± 6.746 | 6.19 ± 5.540 | 1.593; >0.05 | 0.957; >0.05 |
| SSRS | 35.37 ± 7.960 | 32.74 ± 6.514 | 36.81 ± 8.199 | –0.527; >0.05 | –1.639; >0.05 |
[i] Note: t1; p1 is the comparison between test group 1 and control group; t2; p2 is comparison between test group 2 and control group.
Table 5
The changes of the pre-test and post-test between the test group and control group.
| CHANGES OF SCORE | TEST GROUP 1 (%) | TEST GROUP 2 (%) | CONTROL GROUP (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MMSE | Unchanged or improved | 68.4 | 68.4 | 31.2 |
| Negative development | 31.6 | 31.6 | 68.8 | |
| MoCA-BJ | Unchanged or improved | 68.4 | 89.5 | 43.7 |
| Negative development | 31.6 | 10.5 | 56.3 | |
| ADL | Unchanged or improved | 68.4 | 78.9 | 62.5 |
| Negative development | 31.6 | 21.1 | 37.5 | |
| PSQI | Unchanged or improved | 57.9 | 84.2 | 56.3 |
| Negative development | 42.1 | 15.8 | 43.8 | |
| GDS | Unchanged or improved | 68.5 | 68.5 | 25.1 |
| Negative development | 31.5 | 31.5 | 74.9 | |
| SSRS | Unchanged or improved | 26.3 | 73.7 | 50.0 |
| Negative development | 73.7 | 26.3 | 50.0 | |
Table 6
Comparison between test group 1 and control group.
| ΔT | TEST GROUP 1 N = 19 | CONTROL GROUP N = 16 | T | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MMSE | 1.63 ± 3.131 | –1.31 ± 3.092 | 2.787 | <0.05 |
| MoCA-BJ | 0.22 ± 3.078 | –0.69 ± 2.983 | 0.873 | >0.05 |
| ADL | 0.89 ± 5.724 | 1.63 ± 2.895 | –0.462 | >0.05 |
| PSQI | –1.00 ± 3.500 | –0.73 ± 3.845 | –0.205 | >0.05 |
| GDS | 0.37 ± 6.601 | 0.63 ± 4.978 | –0.128 | >0.05 |
| SSRS | –3.58 ± 5.891 | –3.56 ± 6.985 | –0.008 | >0.05 |
[i] Note: ΔT is the average score of the pre-test and post-test for each scale.
Table 7
Comparison between test group 2 and control group.
| ΔT | TEST GROUP 2 N = 19 | CONTROL GROUP N = 16 | T | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MMSE | 0.37 ± 3.467 | –1.31 ± 3.092 | 1.500 | >0.05 |
| MoCA–BJ | 1.79 ± 2.955 | –0.69 ± 2.983 | 2.460 | <0.05 |
| ADL | 0.26 ± 3.142 | 1.63 ± 2.895 | –1.324 | >0.05 |
| PSQI | –0.95 ± 2.505 | –0.73 ± 3.845 | –0.196 | >0.05 |
| GDS | –2.21 ± 6.015 | 0.63 ± 4.978 | –1.501 | >0.05 |
| SSRS | 1.68 ± 4.083 | –3.56 ± 6.985 | 2.648 | <0.05 |
[i] Note: ΔT is the average score of the pre-test and post-test for each scale.
Table 8
Comparison of pre-test and post-test of test group 1.
| TERMS | MEAN | T | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BEFORE INTERVENTION | AFTER INTERVENTION | |||
| MMSE | 22.26 ± 3.914 | 23.89 ± 3.957 | –2.272 | <0.05 |
| MoCA–BJ | 18.83 ± 5.193 | 19.06 ± 5.493 | –0.306 | >0.05 |
| ADL | 16.63 ± 4.362 | 17.53 ± 5.853 | –0.681 | >0.05 |
| PSQI | 6.71 ± 4.413 | 5.71 ± 3.549 | 1.178 | >0.05 |
| GDS | 9.37 ± 6.157 | 9.74 ± 6.838 | –0.243 | >0.05 |
| SSRS | 35.37 ± 7.960 | 31.79 ± 5.523 | 2.648 | <0.05 |
Table 9
Comparison of pre-test and post-test of test group 2.
| TERMS | MEAN | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BEFORE INTERVENTION | AFTER INTERVENTION | T | P | |
| MMSE | 23.42 ± 4.525 | 23.79 ± 4.341 | –0.463 | >0.05 |
| MoCA–BJ | 18.37 ± 6.085 | 20.16 ± 5.480 | –2.640 | <0.05 |
| ADL | 15.53 ± 2.270 | 15.79 ± 3.765 | –0.365 | >0.05 |
| PSQI | 5.95 ± 4.275 | 5.00 ± 4.055 | 1.649 | >0.05 |
| GDS | 8.21 ± 6.746 | 6.00 ± 4.830 | 1.602 | >0.05 |
| SSRS | 32.74 ± 6.514 | 34.42 ± 6.310 | –1.798 | >0.05 |
Table 10
Comparison of pre-test and post-test of control group.
| TERMS | MEAN | T | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BEFORE INTERVENTION | AFTER INTERVENTION | |||
| MMSE | 22.88 ± 4.573 | 21.56 ± 5.202 | 1.698 | >0.05 |
| MoCA–BJ | 17.56 ± 5.341 | 16.88 ± 6.087 | 0.922 | >0.05 |
| ADL | 16.00 ± 3.266 | 17.63 ± 5.414 | –2.245 | <0.05 |
| PSQI | 6.20 ± 4.814 | 5.47 ± 3.292 | 0.739 | >0.05 |
| GDS | 6.19 ± 5.540 | 6.81 ± 3.060 | –0.502 | >0.05 |
| SSRS | 36.81 ± 8.199 | 33.25 ± 7.353 | 2.040 | >0.05 |