Table 1
Summary of demographic characteristics of PLHIV and ALHIV.
| VARIABLES | TOTAL | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Persons living with HIV | 33239 | ||
| Sex | |||
| Male | 14476 | ||
| Female | 18763 | ||
| NON-TEEN CLUB | TEEN CLUB MEMBERS | ||
| Sex (10–24 years) | 3945 | ||
| Male | 1447 | 251 | |
| Female | 2000 | 247 | |
| ART initiation age | |||
| <10 | 3247 | 350 | 3597 |
| 11 to 14 | 719 | 122 | 841 |
| 15 to 19 | 883 | 33 | 916 |
| Current age | |||
| 10 to 14 | 1059 | 237 | 1296 |
| 15 to 19 | 958 | 244 | 1202 |
| 20 to 24 | 1430 | 17 | 1447 |
| Initiation year (10–24 years) | |||
| 1995 to 1999 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2000 to 2004 | 89 | 1 | 90 |
| 2005 to 2009 | 1382 | 62 | 1444 |
| 2010 to 2014 | 925 | 50 | 975 |
| 2015 to 2019 | 1051 | 54 | 1105 |
| Cumulative treatment outcomes (15–19) | |||
| Transferred out | 13 | 0 | 13 |
| Retained | 185 | 221 | 406 |
| Defaulted | 758 | 28 | 786 |
| Stopped | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| Died | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total not retained | 773 | 29 | 802 |
| VIRAL LOAD | NON-TEEN CLUB | TEEN CLUB MEMBERS | TOTAL |
| All ALHIV (10–24) | – | – | 35%(n = 3500)* |
| All adolescents (10–24) | – | 90%(n = 498) | |
| Virologic failure (10–24) | – | 24%(n = 447) | 21%(n = 1225) |
| Virologic failure (15–19) | – | 59%(n = 106) | 35%(n = 252) |
| Viral load suppression (10–24) | – | 75%(n = 447) | 79%(n = 1225) |
| Viral load suppression (15–19) | – | 44%(n = 335) | 31%(n = 973) |
| Missing | – | 14%(n = 238) |
[i] * Results for viral load for some ALHIV were missing.
Source: UFC Electronic Medical Records (EMR) System. Baseline data as of 1 November 2018–30 June 2019.
Table 2
Mean, SD, Range and reliability of each factor and inter-correlations among dimensions.
| MEAN | SD | RANGE | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Personal risk (ALHIV) | 23.4 | 9.91 | 7–45 | .84* | ||||||||||
| 2. Family risk | 23.8 | 7.85 | 7–50 | .28 | .77* | |||||||||
| 3. Peer risk | 50.5 | 8.95 | 15–75 | .12 | .15 | .82* | ||||||||
| 4. Community risk (Internal) | 25.5 | 8.92 | 10–50 | .12 | .12 | .31 | .82* | |||||||
| 5. Community risk (External) | 25.5 | 7.64 | 7–35 | .18 | .13 | .19 | .35 | .86* | ||||||
| 6. Service use (quantity) | 46.5 | 5.71 | 25–54 | –.07 | .00 | .17 | .07 | .04 | .71* | |||||
| 7. Service use (frequency) | 106.0 | 28.6 | 55–255 | .03 | .04 | .12 | .05 | .11 | .28 | .92* | ||||
| 8. Service use (satisfaction) | 19.5 | 5.99 | 0–39 | .04 | .08 | .07 | .15 | .12 | .10 | –.14 | .85* | |||
| 9. Service use (PMK) | 46.6 | 3.68 | 25–54 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | .61* | ||
| 10. Service use (HW) | 40.6 | 9.02 | 0–54 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | .80* | |
| Resilience (ALHIV) | 118.9 | 14.9 | 53–140 | –.08 | .09 | –.04 | –.07 | .00 | .04 | .02 | –.04 | – | – | .86* |
[i] * Representing reliabilities for factors (Cronbach’s alpha), no correlation coefficients, (–) missing ratings on different dimension.
Table 3
ALHIV Frequency of service use.
| NOMINATED SERVICES | HEALTH SERVICES | FREQUENCY OF SERVICE USE* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALWAYS | SOMETIMES | NEVER | NO RESPONSE | TOTAL | ||
| Sexual & Reproductive services | Youth-friendly health services clinic | 184 | 92 | 130 | – | 406 (68%) |
| Ante-natal Clinic | 7 | 7 | 385 | 7 | 399 (3%) | |
| Maternity | 37 | 20 | 349 | – | 406 (14%) | |
| Labour ward | 7 | 6 | 382 | 11 | 395 (3%) | |
| Gynaecology | 4 | 1 | 374 | 27 | 379 (1%) | |
| Emergency Pills | 5 | 1 | 372 | 28 | 378 (1%) | |
| STI Clinic | 85 | 44 | 276 | 1 | 405 (32%) | |
| Family planning clinic | 3 | 14 | 363 | 26 | 380 (4%) | |
| Skin specialist | 8 | 2 | 369 | 27 | 379 (2%) | |
| HIV Clinic | Teen club clinic | 234 | 74 | 98 | – | 406 (76%) |
| ART clinic | 302 | 36 | 68 | – | 406 (83%) | |
| Educational services | Education Support | 159 | 85 | 162 | – | 406 (60%) |
| Mental Health | Mental health support | 22 | 24 | 360 | – | 406 (11%) |
| Correctional services | One-stop centre | 35 | 39 | 331 | 1 | 405 (18%) |
| Police service | 14 | 22 | 368 | 2 | 404 (9%) | |
| Community services | Youth centre | 95 | 115 | 196 | 3 | 403 (52%) |
| Community teen club | 242 | 61 | 102 | 1 | 405 (75%) | |
| Community Outreach Clinic | 86 | 83 | 237 | 2 | 404 (42%) | |
| Traditional healers | 27 | 44 | 335 | 26 | 380 (27%) | |
[i] * % of adolescents whoever used the services.
Table 4
Summary of service use scores and other descriptive statistics.
| SERVICE USE FREQUENCY | SCORES | MEAN | SD | MIN–MAX | CRONBACH’S ALPHA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Community services | Composite | 18.5 | 7.11 | 6–35 | 0.820 |
| Average | 2.6 | 1.02 | 1–5 | ||
| HIV/ART care services | Composite | 17.7 | 6.14 | 4– 40 | 0.731 |
| Average | 2.2 | .77 | .5–5 | ||
| Educational Services | Composite | 12.9 | 5.23 | 5–25 | 0.719 |
| Average | 2.6 | 1.05 | 1–5 | ||
| Youth-friendly services | Composite | 16.9 | 7.17 | 8–15 | 0.814 |
| Average | 1.9 | .79 | .88–5 | ||
| Mental Health | Composite | 11.9 | 4.87 | 0–35 | 0.695 |
| Average | 1.7 | .69 | 0–5 | ||
| Child welfare | Composite | 10.4 | 5.2 | 1–35 | 0.824 |
| Average | 1.49 | .74 | .14–5 | ||
| Correctional services | Composite | 7.23 | 3.10 | 5–30 | 0.818 |
| Average | 1.2 | .52 | .83–5 | ||
| Cultural Services | Composite | 10.35 | 3.98 | 5–24 | 0.593 |
| Average | 1.7 | .66 | .83–4 |
Figure 1
Path analysis model of risks, service use, and resilience for ALHIV.
Table 5
Regression on resilience, service use, viral load suppression and demographic factors.
| VARIABLE | COEFF. | P-VALUE | 95% CONF. INTERVAL | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LOWER | UPPER | |||
| Resilience level | ||||
| High resilience | Ref | – | – | – |
| Lower resilience score | .92 | 0.043 | .03 | 1.82 |
| Service use frequency | –.56 | 0.000 | –.72 | –.04 |
| Service use satisfaction | –.05 | 0.170 | –.13 | .02 |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | Ref | – | – | – |
| male | .61 | 0.18 | –.30 | 1.50 |
| Education | ||||
| No education | Ref | – | – | – |
| Education (Primary) | –3.12 | 0.000 | –4.81 | –1.56 |
| Education (Secondary) | –1.82 | 0.02 | –3.31 | –.33 |
| Age category | ||||
| (15–16) | Ref | – | – | – |
| Age groups (17–19) | .12 | 0.81 | –.84 | 1.07 |
| Viral load | ||||
| Suppression | Ref | |||
| Suppressed | –1.03 | 0.034 | –1.98 | –.77 |