References
- 1Allahverdiyeva, N. (2017).
Wirtschaftliche Bewertung von Wanderschafhaltungsbetrieben in der Region Gandja-Gasach/Aserbaidschan: Status quo und Ableitung von Verbesserungspotentialen, Ökologische Agrarwissenschaften . Kassel: Universität Kassel. - 2Allahverdiyeva, N. (2018). Socio-economic survey of farming households in the case study villages of Azerbaijan and Georgia. Greifswald: Co4 research project.
- 3Allahverdiyeva, N., Bregvadze, Z., Didebulidze, A., Guliev, S., Imnadze, B., Mammadov, N., Merabishvili, M., Neudert, R., & Rühs, M. (2015). Baseline Study of Co4 project: final report. Greifswald: Agricultural University of Georgia, State Agrarian University of Azerbaijan and Greifswald University.
- 4Amirova, I, Petrick, M., & Djanibekov, N. (2019). Long- and short-term determinants of water user cooperation: Experimental evidence from Central Asia. World Development, 113, 10–25. DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.08.014
- 5Anderies, J. M., Janssen, M. A., Bousquet, F., Cardenas, J.-C., Castillo, D., Lopez, M.-C., Tobias, R., Vollan, B., & Wutich, A. (2011). The challenge of understanding decisions in experimental studies of common pool resource governance. Ecological Economics, 70(9), 1571–1579. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.01.011
- 6Babayev, A. H. (2007). Struggle against Desertification in Azerbaijan. South Caucasian Annals of Agrarian Science, 5, 57–61.
- 7Baerlein, T., Kasymov, U., & Zikos, D. (2015). Self-Governance and Sustainable Common Pool Resource Management in Kyrgyzstan. Sustainability, 7(1): 496–521. DOI: 10.3390/su7010496
- 8Basurto, X., Blanco, E., Nenadovic, M., & Vollan, B. (2016). Integrating simultaneous prosocial and antisocial behavior into theories of collective action. Science Advances, 2(3), 1–10. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501220
- 9Beckmann, V., Otto, I. M., & Tan, R. (2015). Overcoming the legacy of the past? Analyzing the modes of governance used by the Polish agricultural producer groups. Agricultural Economics-Zemedelska Ekonomika, 61(5), 222–233. DOI: 10.17221/190/2014-AGRICECON
- 10Beckmann, V., & Padmanabhan, M. (2009).
Analysing Institutions: What Method to Apply? In Institutions and Sustainability: Political Economy of Agriculture and the Environment – Essays in Honour of Konrad Hagedorn, V. Beckmann & M. Padmanabhan (Eds.). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. - 11Behnke, R. H. (Ed.) (2008). The Socio-Economic Causes and Consequences of Desertification in Central Asia. Dordrecht: Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-8544-4
- 12Bourdieu, P. (1983).
Ökonomisches Kapital, kulturelles Kapital, soziales Kapital . In Soziale Ungleichheiten. Soziale Welt, Sonderband 2, R. Kreckel (Ed.). Göttingen. - 13Cardenas, J. C. (2003). Real wealth and experimental cooperation: Experiments in the field lab. Journal of Development Economics, 70(2), 263–289. DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3878(02)00098-6
- 14Cardenas, J. C. (2011). Social Norms and Behavior in the Local Commons as Seen Through the Lens of Field Experiments. Environmental & Resource Economics, 48(3), 451–485. DOI: 10.1007/s10640-010-9452-8
- 15Cardenas, J. C., & Carpenter, J. (2008). Behavioural Development Economics: Lessons from Field Labs in the Developing World. The Journal of Development Studies, 44(3), 311–338. DOI: 10.1080/00220380701848327
- 16Cardenas, J. C., Janssen, M. A., & Bousquet, F. (2013).
Dynamics of rules and resources: three new field experiments on water, forests and fisheries . In Handbook on Experimental Economics and the Environment, J. A. List & M. Price (Eds.). Edward Elgar. DOI: 10.4337/9781781009079.00020 - 17Cardenas, J. C., & Ostrom, E. (2004). What do people bring into the game? Experiments in the field about cooperation in the commons. Agricultural Systems, 82(3), 307–326. DOI: 10.1016/j.agsy.2004.07.008
- 18Cardenas, J. C., Rodriguez, L. A., & Johnson, N. (2011). Collective action for watershed management: Field experiments in Colombia and Kenya. Environment and Development Economics, 16(3), 275–303. DOI: 10.1017/S1355770X10000392
- 19Cardenas, J. C., Stranlund, J., & Willis, C. (2016). Local Environmental Control and Institutional Crowding-Out. World Development, 28, 1719–1733. DOI: 10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00055-3
- 20Casari, M., & Plott, C. R. (2003). Decentralized management of common property resources: Experiments with a centuries-old institution. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 51, 217–247. DOI: 10.1016/S0167-2681(02)00098-7
- 21Castillo, D., Bousquet, F., Janssen, M. A., Worrapimphong, K., & Cardenas, J. C. (2011). Context matters to explain field experiments: Results from Colombian and Thai fishing villages. Ecological Economics, 70(9), 1609–1620. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.05.011
- 22Clarke, A. E. (2012). Situationsanalyse: Grounded Theory nach dem Postmodern Turn. Wiesbaden: Springer VS. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-531-93320-7
- 23Cowell, F. A. (2011). Measuring inequality, LSE Perspectives in Economic Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- 24Didebulidze, A., & Plachter, H. (2002).
Nature conservation aspects of pastoral farming in Georgia . In Pasture Landscapes and Nature Conservation, B. Redecker, W. Härdtle, P. Finck, U. Riecken & E. Schröder (Eds.). Berlin: Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55953-2_6 - 25Emerson, R. M., Fretz, R. I., & Shaw, L. L. (2001).
Participant Observation and Fieldnotes . In Handbook of Ethnography, P. Atkinson, A. Coffey, S. Delamont, J. Lofland & L. Lofland (Eds.) (pp. 356–357). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. - 26Falk, T., Kruger, B., Lohmann, D., Kamukuenjandje, R., Zimmermann, I., Kirk, M., Kambuli, R., Koop, L., Heil, N., Lebershausen, L., Neu, D., & Frank, A. (2010).
Economic and ecological indicators of land reform projects in eastern Namibia . In Biodiversity in Southern Africa. Volume 2, U. Schmiedel & N. Jürgens (Eds.). Göttingen & Windhoek: Klaus Hess Publishers. - 27Falk, T., Lohmann, D., & Azebaze, N. (2016). Congruence of appropriation and provision in collective water provision in Central Namibia. International Journal of the Commons, 10(1), 71–118. DOI: 10.18352/ijc.583
- 28Fischbacher, U., Gachter, S., & Fehr, E. (2001). Are people conditionally cooperative? Evidence from a public goods experiment. Economics Letters, 71(3), 397–404. DOI: 10.1016/S0165-1765(01)00394-9
- 29Gachter, S., & Herrmann, B. (2011). The limits of self-governance when cooperators get punished: Experimental evidence from urban and rural Russia. European Economic Review, 55(2), 193–210. DOI: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2010.04.003
- 30Gerkey, D. (2013). Cooperation in Context Public Goods Games and Post-Soviet Collectives in Kamchatka, Russia. Current Anthropology, 54(2), 144–176. DOI: 10.1086/669856
- 31Ghate, R., Ghate, S., & Ostrom, E. (2013). Cultural norms, cooperation, and communication: taking experiments to the field in indigenous communities. International Journal of the Commons, 7(2), 498–520. DOI: 10.18352/ijc.376
- 32Gurven, M., Winking, J., Ghate, R., Ghate, S., & Ostrom, E. (2008). Collective action in action: Prosocial behavior in and out of the laboratory. American Anthropologist, 7, 498. DOI: 10.1111/j.1548-1433.2008.00024.x
- 33Harrison, G. W., & List, J. A. (2004). Field experiments. Journal of Economic Literature, 42(4), 1009–1055. DOI: 10.1257/0022051043004577
- 34Henrich, J. P., Boyd, R., Bowles, S., Fehr, E., Gintis, H., & McElreath, R. (2001). In search of Homo economicus: Behavioral experiments in 15 small-scale societies. American Economic Review, 91(2), 73–78. DOI: 10.1257/aer.91.2.73
- 35Henrich, J. P., Boyd, R., Bowles, S., Fehr, E., Camerer, C., & Gintis, H. (2004). Foundations of human sociality: Economic experiments and ethnographic evidence from fifteen small-scale societies. Oxford University Press on Demand. DOI: 10.1093/0199262055.001.0001
- 36Hough, L. (21 November 2011). Social Capital in Georgia. Caucasus Analytical Digest, 31, 2–5.
- 37Hurrelmann, A., Murray, C., & Beckmann, V. (2006). Social Capital and Leadership: Rural Cooperation in Central and Eastern Europe. Society and Economy, 28(3), 219–243. DOI: 10.1556/SocEc.28.2006.3.1
- 38Indexmundi. (2019).
Georgia and Azerbaijan Demographics profile 2018 . Indexmundi 2019 [cited 31.07.2019]. Available fromhttps://www.indexmundi.com - 39Janssen, M. A., Bousquet, F., Cardenas, J. C., Castillo, D., & Worrapimphong, K. (2012). Field experiments on irrigation dilemmas. Agricultural Systems, 109, 65–75. DOI: 10.1016/j.agsy.2012.03.004
- 40Janssen, M. A., Bousquet, F., & Ostrom, E. (2011). A multimethod approach to study the governance of social-ecological systems. Natures Sciences Societes, 19(4), 382–394. DOI: 10.1051/nss/2011135
- 41Kerr, J, Vardhan, M, & Jindal, R. (2012). Prosocial behavior and incentives: Evidence from field experiments in rural Mexico and Tanzania. Ecological Economics, 73, 220–227. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.10.031
- 42Kosfeld, M., & Rustagi, D. (2015). Leader Punishment and Cooperation in Groups: Experimental Field Evidence from Commons Management in Ethiopia. American Economic Review, 105(2), 747–783. DOI: 10.1257/aer.20120700
- 43Lerman, Z. (2006). The Impact of Land Reform on Rural Household Incomes in Transcaucasia. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 47(1), 112–123. DOI: 10.2747/1538-7216.47.1.112
- 44Lesorogol, C. K. (2007). Bringing norms in – The role of context in experimental dictator games. Current Anthropology, 48(6), 920–926. DOI: 10.1086/523017
- 45Li, S., Verburg, P. H., Lv, S., Wu, J., & Li, X. (2012). Spatial analysis of the driving factors of grassland degradation under conditions of climate change and intensive use in Inner Mongolia, China. Regional Environmental Change, 12(3): 461–474. DOI: 10.1007/s10113-011-0264-3
- 46Lindahl, T., Bodin, O., & Tengo, M. (2015). Governing complex commons – The role of communication for experimental learning and coordinated management. Ecological Economics, 111, 111–120. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.01.011
- 47Lopez, M. C., & Villamayor-Tomas, S. (2017). Understanding the black box of communication in a common-pool resource field experiment. Environmental Science & Policy, 68, 69–79. DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2016.12.002
- 48Mearns, R. (1996). Commons and Collectives: The Role of Social Capital in Central Asia’s Land Reforms. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies Working paper 40.
- 49National Statistics Office of Georgia. (2018). Statistical information about Georgia.
- 50Neudert, R., Etzold, J., Münzner, F., Manthey, M., & Busse, S. (2013). The Opportunity Costs of Conserving Pasture Resources for Mobile Pastoralists in the Greater Caucasus. Landscape Research, 38(4), 499–522. DOI: 10.1080/01426397.2012.728204
- 51Neudert, R., Rühs, M., & Beckmann, V. (2015). Implementation of pasture leasing rights for mobile pastoralists – a case study on institutional change during post-socialist reforms in Azerbaijan. International Journal of the Commons, 9(2), 648–669. DOI: 10.18352/ijc.515
- 52Neudert, R., Salzer, A., Allahverdiyeva, N., Etzold, J, & Beckmann, V. (2019). Archetypes of common village pasture problems in the South Caucasus: Insights from comparative case studies in Georgia and Azerbaijan. Ecology and Society, 24(3). DOI: 10.5751/ES-10921-240305
- 53Neudert, R., Theesfeld, I., Didebulidze, A., Allahverdiyeva, N., & Beckmann, V. (2020). Understanding causes of conflict on common village pastures – A comparative analysis of property rights in Azerbaijan & Georgia. Society & Natural Resources, 33(3), S. 347–367. DOI: 10.1080/08941920.2019.1704329
- 54Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511807763
- 55Ostrom, E., Gardner, R., & Walker, J. (1994). Rules, games, and common-pool resources. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. DOI: 10.3998/mpub.9739
- 56Poteete, A., & Ostrom, E. (2004). Heterogeneity, group size and collective action: the role of institutions in forest management. Development and Change, 35(3), 437–61. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7660.2004.00360.x
- 57Prediger, S., Vollan, B., & Frölich, M. (2011). The impact of culture and ecology on cooperation in a common-pool resource experiment. Ecological Economics, 70, 1599–1608. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.08.017
- 58Putnam, R. D. (1993). The Prosperous Community: Social Capital and Public Life. The American Prospect, 4, 35–42.
- 59Raaflaub, M., & Dobry, L. M. (2015).
Pasture Management in Georgia . Tbilisi: Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation. - 60Revollo-Fernández, D., Aguilar-Ibarra, A., Micheli, F., & Sáenz-Arroyo, A. (2016). Exploring the role of gender in common-pool resource extraction: Evidence from laboratory and field experiments in fisheries. Applied Economics Letters, 23(13), 912–920. DOI: 10.1080/13504851.2015.1119786
- 61Rogers, E. (1962). Diffusion of innovations. New York: The Free Press.
- 62Roland, G. (2000). Transition and economics: politics, markets, and firms. Cambridge: MIT Press.
- 63Röttgers, D. (2016). Conditional cooperation, context and why strong rules work – A Namibian common-pool resource experiment. Ecological Economics, 129, 21–31. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.03.013
- 64Rustagi, D, Engel, S., & Kosfeld, M. (2010). Conditional Cooperation and Costly Monitoring Explain Success in Forest Commons Management. Science, 330(6006), 961–965. DOI: 10.1126/science.1193649
- 65Salukvadze, J. (2008).
Good governance and natural resources tenure in Eastern Europe and CIS region . In Land Tenure Working Paper 3. Tbilisi, Georgia: FAO. - 66Salzer, A. (2016).
Knowledge for Sustainability – Cultural Capital of Ethnic Minorities in high Mountain Areas of the South Caucasus . In Agricultural Knowledge and Knowledge Systems in Post-Soviet Societies (Interdisciplinary Studies on Central and Eastern Europe), A.-K. Hornidge, A. Shtaltovna & C. Schetter (Eds.). Bern: Peter Lang AG, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften. - 67StataCorp. (2018). Stata Reference manual: Release 15. College Station, TX: Stata Corp LP.
- 68State Statistical Committee of Azerbaijan. (2017). Statistical Information about Azerbaijan 2017 [cited 30.07.2019]. Available from
http://www.azstat.org/indexen.php - 69Takahashi, C., Yamagishi, T., Liu, J. H., Wang, F., Lin, Y., & Yu, S. (2008). The intercultural trust paradigm: Studying joint cultural interaction and social exchange in real time over the Internet. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32(3), 215–228. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2007.11.003
- 70Valiyev, A. (21 November 2011). Social Capital in Azerbaijan: Does it help to build democracy? Caucasus Analytical Digest, 31, 11–13.
- 71Vollan, B. (2008). Socio-ecological explanations for crowding-out effects from economic field experiments in southern Africa. Ecological Economics, 67(4), 560–573. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.01.015
- 72Vollan, B., Prediger, S., & Frölich, M. (2013). Co-managing common-pool resources: Do formal rules have to be adapted to traditional ecological norms? Ecological Economics, 95, 51–62. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.08.010
- 73World Bank. (2019). World Bank Open Data. World Bank 2019 [cited 31.07.2019]. Available from
https://data.worldbank.org/
