Figure 1
The ladder of participation (Arnstein, 1969).
Figure 2
Participation in all its forms (Atelier populaire ex-Eco).
Figure 3
General steps in the FPIC process – modified using a two-eyed seeing and historical approach from the following sources (Colchester & Chao, 2014; FAO, 2016; IFAD, 2021; UNHCR, 2018a; UN-REDD, 2013).
Figure 4
Examples of other world views on application of components of the FPIC process. Bear in mind that each community is different and so cannot be exhaustive.
Figure 5
Proposed extension of PBNP and study area, Gabon (Map: Julia Walker, Olivier Hymas based on CAFI, 2019, p. 68).
Figure 6
Comparative graphs between 2002 (left) and 2022 (right). Blue represents the community and orange represents protected area staff and conservation staff.