Figure 1
Top authors, research output timeline and citation impact by location. Source: Generated through biblioshiny for bibliometrix in Rstudio.
Figure 2
Top author production in the search timeline (2011–2022), Source: Generated through biblioshiny for bibliometrix in Rstudio.
Figure 3
Code occurrence in the reviewed literature.
Figure 4
Code distribution in literature with aspects of forms of governance.
Figure 5
Code distribution in literature distribution with aspects of peri-urban lakes.
Table 1
Dominant discourses and their characteristics.
| DOMINANT DISCOURSES | CHARACTERISTICS | FORMS OF GOVERNANCE | ACTORS | CASE | LITERATURE REFERENCE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lakes – as commons | The discourse on lakes as ‘commons’ is emerging as a strategic capacity to develop new knowledge, practice, and technologies towards new forms of peri-urban lake governance. Under the pretext of ‘commons,’ the commodification and commercialization of the peri-urban lakes have brought profound transformation to existing socio-ecological relationships with new pathways for peri-urban lake governance futures, for instance lake water resources are being increasingly used as a commodity to sell to private and city neighbourhoods with high water scarcity through the installation of RO (Reverse Osmosis) plants. | Top-down, and Hybrid | Private vendors and companies, community, NGOs, irrigation boards, urban local bodies, municipalities | Kathya Lake Hyderabad, India | (Butsch et al., 2021a; Butsch & Heinkel, 2020; Mundoli et al., 2015; 2018; Nagendra & Ostrom, 2014; Narain & Vij, 2016; Ostrom, 1990; Rathwell et al., 2015; Sen et al., 2021a; Shah & Garg, 2017; Sitzenfrei et al., 2020; Unnikrishnan et al., 2016a) |
| Lakes – as infrastructure | Lakes are converted into water infrastructure for private water distribution by water tankers. Likewise, some lakes are also preserved as relief measures during famine and acute water scarcity, while lakes in flood-prone areas are reconfigured as detention ponds to divert urban stormwater. Moreover, there is a growing demand for the development of large-scale lake water infrastructure (wells and treatment plants) for drinking water supply due to the high salinity in the groundwater in the region. On the other hand, lakes are converted into urban wastewater-fed aquaculture to balance the nutritional cycles of lake ecosystems | Top-down, Hybrid | Lake community groups, academia, NGOs, legal bodies, institutions, political parties, local politicians, urban and rural dwellers, environmental activists, real estate developers, international agencies, banks | Dharmabuddhi Lake, Bellandur Lake Bengaluru, Karnataka, India | (Bareuther et al., 2020; Butsch et al., 2021a; Cornea et al., 2016; Derkzen et al., 2017; Goldman & Narayan, 2019; Unnikrishnan et al., 2016a; Unnikrishnan, Manjunatha, et al., 2021a; Zimmer et al., 2020a) |
| Lakes – in need of ecological rejuvenation/restoration | Global institutions (IMF, UNESCO, World Bank) play a crucial role to promote and finance ecological restoration projects for lake ecosystems to address global water challenges. The initiative seeks to understand complex dynamics between human and natural systems, and with their multidisciplinary mandate, it allows these global institutions to bring ecosystem restoration solutions that include various social and human elements in tandem with scientific and technological opportunities. | Top-down, Hybrid, Bottom | Parastatal agencies, Regional governing bodies, national agencies, NGOs, other national/global funding agencies and foundations, | (Dennis & James, 2016; Diver et al., 2019; Druschke & Hychka, 2015; Enqvist et al., 2020; Hawken et al., 2021; Pahl-Wostl, 2019; Sen & Nagendra, 2021a; Sumari et al., 2020; Van Wyk et al., 2016) | |
| Lakes – as blue and green spatial planning | A strategic connection – blue and green infrastructure planning is the concept in response to increasing the connectivity and multi-functionality of the peri-urban landscape for existing and future provisioning of ecological resources. | Top-down | Community, local users, water boards, irrigation boards, municipality, and Urban local bodies | Lake Jatijajar, Lake Pengasinan Lombok, Indonesia | (Ahern, 2007; Bacchin et al., 2014; Benedict & MacMahon, 2002; Fox & Cundill, 2018; Luederitz et al., 2015; Partelow, 2018; Pratiwi et al., 2022; Rigolon & Gibson, 2021; Unnikrishnan, Manjunatha, et al., 2021a) |
Figure 6
A graphical representation of governance actor interactions and emergence of dominant discourses in a spatio-temporal frame of lake ecosystem governance.