Source: Vanuatu Elevation Map. CartoGIS Services, College of Asia and the Pacific, The Australian National University. https://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/mapsonline/base-maps/vanuatu-base# (accessed June 29, 2022). License: CC BY-SA 4.0.
Figure 1
Current institutional structure in the study sites.
Governance responsibilities and authority were transferred from struggling local councils of chiefs to village councils composed of elected non-chiefly leaders and chiefs. Solid lines represent formal relationships, while dotted lines represent informal ones.