Table 1
Contrasting elements of value in capitalism and value as a commons.
| CAPITALIST VALUE PRACTICES | COMMONS-BASED VALUE PRACTICES |
|---|---|
| Exchange: value is expressed in things in exchange | Commoning: value is a dynamic state of contributing to and caretaking of the commons |
| Abstract labor: human toil as the “first price to be paid” for commodities to be exchanged | Contribution: diverse forms of reciprocity-based participation in commoning |
| Maximization: value creation is validated by work productivity | Provisioning: value creation is validated by covering of societal needs |
| Growth: progress means more value registered | Post-growth: progress is reflected in human happiness |
| Cosmopolitanism: humanity has one single self-image | Cosmolocalism: human imaginaries are embedded in universally effectuated local autonomy and genuine emancipation |