Table 1
Negative manifestation of structural, cognitive, and relational social capital posing challenges for socio-ecological systems.
| ELEMENT OF SOCIAL CAPITAL | TYPICAL MANIFESTATION | NEGATIVE MANIFESTATION (“DARK SIDE”) | CHALLENGES FOR SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS |
|---|---|---|---|
| Structural Social Capital | Frequent interactions within/across communities incorporating social exchange. | Frequent interactions incorporating only few possibilities for social exchange. Tight social control. | Limited possibilities for cooperation, reduced exposure to different institutions. |
| Cognitive Social Capital | Shared mental models and institutions. | Resistance to institutional change. Limited repertoire of mental models and institutions. | Limited ability to cooperate, lack of alternative models, persistence of dysfunctional institutions. |
| Relational Social Capital | Trust and attitudes. | Distrust, antagonism, particularly towards outsiders, new ideas and practices. | Limited willingness to cooperate. |
Figure 1
Location of Paros. Own elaboration obtained with R (R Core Team 2021; Auguie 2017; Santos Baquero 2019; Kahle & Wickham 2013) based on data from Wikimedia Foundation and Stamen Design available under CC BY 3.0.
Figure 2
Link between interview guidelines and conceptual framework.
Table 2
Expected and observed challenges posed by negative manifestations of social capital on Paros.
| ELEMENT OF SOCIAL CAPITAL | EXPECTED CHALLENGES | OBSERVED CHALLENGES |
|---|---|---|
| Structural Social Capital | Limited possibilities for cooperation, reduced exposure to different institutions. | CHALLENGE_1: lack of possibilities and structures for social exchange |
| Cognitive Social Capital | Limited ability to cooperate, lack of alternative models, persistence of dysfunctional institutions. | CHALLENGE_2: sustainability not seen as either feasible or desirable |
| Relational Social Capital | Limited willingness to cooperate. | CHALLENGE_3: suspicion and distrust |
Table 3
Observed challenges and respective attributes of sustainability projects.
| ELEMENT OF SOCIAL CAPITAL | OBSERVED CHALLENGES | PROJECT ANSWERS |
|---|---|---|
| Structural Social Capital | CHALLENGE_1: lack of possibilities and structures for social exchange | Investment in sociality and visibility; harnessing the lack of anonymity. |
| Cognitive Social Capital | CHALLENGE_2: sustainability not seen as either feasible or desirable | Avoiding confrontation; projects portrayed as viable alternatives to mass-tourism. |
| Relational Social Capital | CHALLENGE_3: suspicion and distrust | Emphasis on common interests; emphasis on sense of community. |
Table 4
Expected and observed challenges and respective attributes of sustainability projects.
| ELEMENT OF SOCIAL CAPITAL | EXPECTED CHALLENGES | OBSERVED CHALLENGES | PROJECT ATTRIBUTES |
|---|---|---|---|
| Structural Social Capital | Limited possibilities for cooperation, reduced exposure to different institutions. | CHALLENGE_1: lack of possibilities and structures for social exchange | Investment in sociality and visibility; harnessing the lack of anonymity. |
| Cognitive Social Capital | Limited ability to cooperate, lack of alternative models, persistence of dysfunctional institutions. | CHALLENGE_2: sustainability not seen as either feasible or desirable | Avoiding confrontation; projects portrayed as viable alternatives to mass-tourism. |
| Relational Social Capital | Limited willingness to cooperate, limited access to external help. | CHALLENGE_3: suspicion and distrust | Emphasis on common interests; emphasis on sense of community. |