Figure 1
Map of Upper West Region, Ghana.
Table 1
Overview of Sample Characteristics by Region.
| DISTRICT | WA MUNICIPAL | DAFFIAMA-BUSSIE-ISSA | NADOWLI-KALEO |
|---|---|---|---|
| Active | |||
| Yes | 14 | 15 | 30 |
| No | 9 | 4 | 1 |
| Members | 34.17 | 31.63 | 49.94 |
| Age (years) | 7.73 | 8.78 | 9.32 |
| Commodity | |||
| Maize | 13 | 15 | 25 |
| Groundnuts | 4 | 0 | 14 |
| Soybean | 1 | 9 | 20 |
| Other | 5 | 10 | 7 |
Table 2
Design Principles of Active and Inactive Farmer Cooperatives – Boundaries.
| CHARACTERISTIC | INACTIVE | ACTIVE | TEST STATISTIC | p-VALUE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Geographic Boundaries | No | 8 | 10 | 9.297 | 0.002 |
| Yes | 5 | 42 | |||
| Minimum Volume Restrictions | No | 11 | 20 | 8.217 | 0.004 |
| Yes | 2 | 30 | |||
| Maximum Volume Restrictions | No | 12 | 25 | 7.619 | 0.006 |
| Yes | 1 | 25 | |||
| Non-Member Transactions | No | 4 | 2 | 9.511 | 0.002 |
| Yes | 10 | 57 | |||
| Quality Standards | No | 5 | 1 | 17.359 | 0.000 |
| Yes | 9 | 58 |
Table 3
Design Principles of Active and Inactive Cooperatives – Use and Provision Rules.
| CHARACTERISTIC | ACTIVE | TEST STATISTIC | p-VALUE | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Membership Fees | No | 2 | 0 | 8.666 | 0.003 |
| Yes | 12 | 59 | |||
| Equity Investments | No | 6 | 9 | 5.281 | 0.022 |
| Yes | 8 | 50 | |||
| Proportional Equity Investments | No | 6 | 44 | 0.030 | 0.863 |
| Yes | 1 | 6 | |||
Table 4
Design Principles of Active and Inactive Farmer Cooperatives – Choice Arrangements.
| CHARACTERISTIC | INACTIVE | ACTIVE | TEST STATISTIC | p-VALUE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| One Vote System | No | 1 | 3 | 0.093 | 0.761 |
| Yes | 13 | 56 | |||
| Board Directors | 6.57 | 5.58 | 2.978 | 0.008 | |
| Managers | 4.64 | 4.90 | 1.429 | 0.172 | |
| Board Director Meetings | 1.79 | 2.63 | 5.171 | 0.023 | |
| Manager Meetings | 2.29 | 3.12 | 4.042 | 0.044 | |
| Member Meetings | 3.57 | 4.24 | 2.599 | 0.107 |
Table 5
Design Principles of Active and Inactive Cooperatives – Sanctions.
| CHARACTERISTIC | INACTIVE | ACTIVE | TEST STATISTIC | p-VALUE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-delivery Penalties | No | 3 | 12 | 0.008 | 0.928 |
| Yes | 11 | 47 | |||
| Quality Penalties | No | 2 | 8 | 0.005 | 0.943 |
| Yes | 12 | 51 | |||
| Quantity Penalties | No | 6 | 38 | 2.195 | 0.139 |
| Yes | 8 | 21 | |||
| Warnings | No | 5 | 41 | 6.462 | 0.011 |
| Yes | 9 | 16 | |||
| Fines | No | 1 | 6 | 0.132 | 0.717 |
| Yes | 13 | 52 | |||
| Suspensions | No | 13 | 52 | 0.132 | 0.717 |
| Yes | 1 | 6 | |||
| Expulsions | No | 2 | 25 | 3.996 | 0.046 |
| Yes | 12 | 33 | |||
| Graduated Sanctions | No | 1 | 25 | 6.124 | 0.013 |
| Yes | 13 | 34 |
Table 6
Design Principles of Active and Inactive Cooperatives – Legal Rights.
| CHARACTERISTIC | INACTIVE | ACTIVE | TEST STATISTIC | p-VALUE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Government Involvement | No | 9 | 12 | 10.643 | 0.001 |
| Yes | 5 | 47 | |||
| Financial Support from Government | No | 12 | 43 | 1.003 | 0.317 |
| Yes | 2 | 16 | |||
| Technical Support from Government | No | 1 | 2 | 0.404 | 0.525 |
| Yes | 13 | 57 | |||
| Financial Support from NGOs | No | 11 | 34 | 2.099 | 0.147 |
| Yes | 3 | 25 | |||
| Technical Support from NGOs | No | 3 | 6 | 1.327 | 0.249 |
| Yes | 11 | 53 |
Table 7
Design Principles of Active and Inactive Cooperatives – Nested Enterprises.
| CHARACTERISTIC | INACTIVE | ACTIVE | TEST STATISTIC | p-VALUE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member of Another Cooperative | No | 8 | 26 | 0.686 | 0.407 |
| Yes | 6 | 32 | |||
| Operation of Multiple Locations | No | 3 | 6 | 9.182 | 0.002 |
| Yes | 11 | 53 |
| Q. | Is your cooperative active or inactive? |
| Q. | Must members come from a certain geographic area? |
| Q. | Must members do a mimum volume of business with your cooperative? |
| Q. | Are there maximum volume restrictions? |
| Q. | Are non-members allowed to do business with your cooperative? |
| Q. | Does your cooperative have quality standards? |
| Q. | Do your members pay membership fees or dues? |
| Q. | Do members have equity in your cooperative? |
| Q. | Is member equity invested in proportion to patronage in your cooperative? |
| Q. | How many board directors does your cooperative have? |
| Q. | How many managers does your cooperative have? |
| Q. | Does each member receive one vote? |
| Q. | How often do board directors meet? |
| Q. | How often do managers meet? |
| Q. | How often do members meet? |
| Q. | Are there non-delivery penalties? |
| Q. | Are there quality penalties? |
| Q. | Are there excess quantity penalties? |
| Q. | Does your cooperative use warnings? |
| Q. | Does your cooperative use suspensions? |
| Q. | Does your cooperative use expulsions? |
| Q. | Is the government involved in the governance of your cooperative? |
| Q. | Does your cooperative receive financial support from the government? |
| Q. | Does your cooperative receive technical support from the government? |
| Q. | Does your cooperative receive financial support from an NGO? |
| Q. | Does your cooperative receive technical support from an NGO? |
| Q. | Is your cooperative a member of another cooperative? |
| Q. | How many locations does your cooperative have? |