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1,* , Priscila De Morais Sato1 , Laís Amaral Mais2 , Ana Paula Bortoletto Martins2 , Carla Galvão Spinillo3 , Mariana Tarricone Garcia2 , Carlos Felipe Urquizar Rojas3 and Patrícia Constante Jaime Are Front-of-Package Warninag Labels More Effective at Communicating Nutrition Information than Traffic-Light Labels? A Randomized Controlled Experiment in a Brazilian Sample. Nutrients 2018, 10(6), 688; 10.3390/nu10060688; Received: 4 May 2018/Revised: 21 May 2018/Accepted: 22 May 2018/Published: 28 May 2018:https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/10/6/688/htm - 15Nieto, C., Jáuregui, A., Contreras-Manzano, A. et al. Understanding and use of food labeling systems among Whites and Latinos in the United States and among Mexicans: Results from the International Food Policy Study, 2017. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 16, 87 (2019). 10.1186/s12966-019-0842-1:
https://ijbnpa.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12966-019-0842-1 - 16Khandpur N, de Morais Sato P, Mais LA, Bortoletto Martins AP, Spinillo CG, Garcia MT, Urquizar Rojas CF, Jaime PC. Are Front-of-Package Warning Labels More Effective at Communicating Nutrition Information than Traffic-Light Labels? A Randomized Controlled Experiment in a Brazilian Sample. Nutrients. 2018 May 28; 10(6): 688. doi: 10.3390/nu10060688. PMID: 29843449; PMCID: PMC6024864:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6024864/ - 17Jorge Vargas-Meza, Alejandra Jáuregui, Selene Pache o-Miranda, Alejandra Contreras-Manzano, Simón Barquera; Front-of-pack nutritional labels: Understanding by low- and middle-income Mexican consumers; Published: November 18, 2019; 10.1371/journal.pone.0225268;
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1 :https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31605724 - 19Ducrot, P., Méjean, C., Julia, C., Kesse-Guyot, E., Touvier, M., Fezeu, L.K., Hercberg, S. and Péneau, S., 2015. Objective understanding of front-of-package nutrition labels among nutritionally at-risk individuals. Nutrients, 7(8):
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26305255/ - 20See:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29843449 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28625228 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28428151 - 21Julia, C., Etilé, F., & Hercberg, S. (2018). Front-of-pack Nutri-Score labelling in France: An evidence-based policy. The Lancet Public Health, 3(4). doi: 10.1016/s2468-2667(18)30009-4
- 22Arrúa A, Machín L, Curutchet MR, Martínez J, Antúnez L, Alcaire F, et al. Warnings as a directive front-of-pack nutrition labelling scheme: comparison with the Guideline Daily Amount and traffic-light systems. Public Health Nutr 2017; 20(13): 2308–17.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28625228/ - 23Cabrera M, Machín L, Arrúa A, Antúnez L, Curutchet MR, Giménez A, Ares G. Nutrition warnings as front-of-pack labels: influence of design features on healthfulness perception and attentional capture. Public Health Nutr 2017; 2: 1–12:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28965531/ - 24Sacks G, Rayner M, Swinburn B. Impact of front-of-pack ‘traffic-light’ nutrition labelling on consumer food purchases in the UK. Health Promot Int 2009; 24(4): 344–52.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19815614/ - 25Khandpur N, de Morais Sato P, Mais LA, et al. Are Front-of-Package Warning Labels More Effective at Communicating Nutrition Information than Traffic-Light Labels? A Randomized Controlled Experiment in a Brazilian Sample. Nutrients 2018; 10(6): 688.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29843449/ - 26Goodman S, Vanderlee L, Acton R, Mahamad S, Hammond D. The Impact of Front-of-Package Label Design on Consumer Understanding of Nutrient Amounts. Nutrients, 2018; 10(11): 1624.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6266389/ - 27Ministry of Health of Chile.
Informe de Evaluación de la Implementación de la Ley sobre composición nutricional de los alimentos y su publicidad [Evaluation Report on the Implementation of the Law on the Nutritional Composition of Foods and its Advertising] . Chile; 2017; 2018; 2019. Available at:https://www.minsal.cl/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Informe-Implementaci%C3%B3n-Ley-20606-junio-2017-PDF.pdf ;https://www.minsal.cl/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Informe-Implementaci%C3%B3n-Ley-20606-febrero-18-1.pdf ;https://www.minsal.cl/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/EVALUACION-LEY-DE-ALIMENTOS_julio-2019_02.pdf . - 28Taillie LS, Reyes M, Colchero MA, Popkin B, Corvalán C. An evaluation of Chile’s Law of Food Labeling and Advertising on sugar-sweetened beverage purchases from 2015 to 2017: A before-and-after study. PLoS Med. 2020; 17(2):
e1003015 . Published 2020 Feb 11. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003015:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7012389/ - 29Taillie, L.S.; Hall, M.G.; Popkin, B.M.; Ng, S.W.; Murukutla, N. Experimental Studies of Front-of-Package Nutrient Warning Labels on Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Ultra-Processed Foods: A Scoping Review. Nutrients 2020, 12, 569.
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19815614/ - 31Ducrot P, Julia C, Méjean C, Kesse-Guyot E, Touvier M, Fezeu LK, Hercberg S, Péneau S. Impact of Different Front-of-Pack Nutrition Labels on Consumer Purchasing Intentions: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Prev Med 2016; 50(5): 627–636
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26699246/ - 32Khandpur N, de Morais Sato P, Mais LA, et al. Are Front-of-Package Warning Labels More Effective at Communicating Nutrition Information than Traffic-Light Labels? A Randomized Controlled Experiment in a Brazilian Sample. Nutrients 2018; 10(6): 688.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29843449/ - 33Goodman S, Vanderlee L, Acton R, Mahamad S, Hammond D. The Impact of Front-of-Package Label Design on Consumer Understanding of Nutrient Amounts. Nutrients 2018; 10(11): 1624.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6266389/ - 34Nyilasy G, Lei J, Nagpal A, Tan J. Color correct: the interactive effects of food label nutrition coloring schemes and food category healthiness on health perceptions. Public Health Nutr 2016; 19: 2122–2127.
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/public-health-nutrition/article/colour-correct-the-interactive-effects-of-food-label-nutrition-colouringschemes-and-food-category-healthiness-on-health-perceptions/6A88980505E4ACF910BC01564F85F2B2# - 35Machín L, Aschemann-Witzel J, Curutchet MR, Giménez A, Ares G. Traffic Light System Can Increase Healthfulness Perception: Implications for Policy Making. J Nutr Educ Behav 2018; 50(7): 668–674.
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28625228/ - 37Jonathon P. Schuldt (2013) Does Green Mean Healthy? Nutrition Label Color Affects Perceptions of Healthfulness, Health Communication, 28: 8, 814–821, DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2012.725270
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7012389/ - 38Taillie LS, Reyes M, Colchero MA, Popkin B, Corvalán C. An evaluation of Chile’s Law of Food Labeling and Advertising on sugar-sweetened beverage purchases from 2015 to 2017: A before-and-after study. PLoS Med. 2020; 17(2):
e1003015 . Published 2020 Feb 11. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003015https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7012389/ - 39Electronic Working Group Chaired by Costa Rica and Co-chaired by New Zealand (2017). DISCUSSION PAPER ON CONSIDERATION OF ISSUES REGARDING FRONT-OF-PACK NUTRITION LABELLING. Codex Committee on Food Labelling, CX/FL 17/44/7:
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1,* Priscila de Morais Sato,1 Laís Amaral Mais,2 Ana Paula Bortoletto Martins,2 Carla Galvão Spinillo,3 Mariana Tarricone Garcia,2 Carlos Felipe Urquizar Rojas,3 and Patrícia Constante Jaime1 Are Front-of-Package Warning Labels More Effective at Communicating Nutrition Information than Traffic-Light Labels? A Randomized Controlled Experiment in a Brazilian Sample:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6024864/ - 41Jorge Vargas-Meza, Alejandra Jáuregui, Selene Pacheco-Miranda, Alejandra Contreras-Manzano, Simón Barquera; Front-of-pack nutritional labels: Understanding by low- and middle-income Mexican consumers, Published: November 18, 2019:
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0225268 - 42Claudia Nieto, Alejandra Jáuregui, Alejandra Contreras-Manzano, Edna Arillo-Santillan, Simón Barquera, Christine M. White, David Hammond & James F. Thrasher; Understanding and use of food labeling systems among Whites and Latinos in the United States and among Mexicans: Results from the International Food Policy Study, 2017; International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity volume 16, Article number:
87 (2019) Cite this article:https://ijbnpa.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12966-019-0842-1 - 43Ducrot, P., Méjean, C., Julia, C., Kesse-Guyot, E., Touvier, M., Fezeu, L.K., Hercberg, S. and Péneau, S., 2015. Objective understanding of front-of-package nutrition labels among nutritionally at-risk individuals. Nutrients, 7(8):
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26305255/ - 44Ducrot, P., Méjean, C., Julia, C., Kesse-Guyot, E., Touvier, M., Fezeu, L.K., Hercberg, S. and Péneau, S., 2015. Objective understanding of front-of-package nutrition labels among nutritionally at-risk individuals. Nutrients, 7(8)
- 45Tara Templin, Tiago Cravo Oliveira Hashiguchi, Blake Thomson, Joseph Dieleman, Eran Bendavid; The overweight and obesity transition from the wealthy to the poor in low- and middle-income countries: A survey of household data from 103 countries Published: November 27, 2019; 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002968:
https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002968 - 46Poirier, P., Giles, T. D., Bray, G. A., & Hong, Y. (2005, Dec 27). Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Effect of Weight Loss. Circulation, 113(6), 898–918. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.171016 - 47This statement is a clarification of the WHO 3rd principle, which says “Mandatory nutrient declarations on food packages are a prerequisite for FOPL systems.” It has been modified here because many countries do not yet have nutrient declarations that are mandatory (back-of-pack panels). These countries should be able to advance FOPL in any event. By saying that the nutrient declaration is a “prerequisite”, it is suggesting that one must happen before the other, which is not necessary, as the country may, for example, advance both at the same time as part of a single regulatory process.
- 48Codex Alimentarius Commission.
Guidelines on nutrition labelling CAC/GL 2-1985 . Geneva: Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO); 2015. - 49Electronic Working Group Chaired by Costa Rica and Co-chaired by New Zealand, (2019). PROPOSED DRAFT GUIDELINES ON FRONT-OF-PACK NUTRITION LABELLING. Codex Committee on Food Labelling,
http://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/sh-proxy/en/?lnk=1&url=https%253A%252F%252Fworkspace.fao.org%252Fsites%252Fcodex%252FMeetings%252FCX-714-45%252Fdocuments%252Ffl45_06e_final.pdf - 50Araya, Sebastián, Elberg, Andrés, Noton, Carlos and Schwartz, Daniel, (2018),
Identifying Food Labeling Effects on Consumer Behavior, No 338, Documentos de Trabajo, Centro de Economía Aplicada , Universidad de Chile,https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:edj:ceauch:338 . - 51Ministry of Health of Chile.
Informes de Evaluación de la Implementación de la Ley sobre composición nutricional de los alimentos y su publicidad [Evaluation Reports on the Implementation of the Law on the Nutritional Composition of Foods and its Advertising] . Chile; 2017; 2018; 2019. Available at:https://www.minsal.cl/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Informe-Implementaci%C3%B3n-Ley-20606-junio-2017-PDF.pdf ;https://www.minsal.cl/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Informe-Implementaci%C3%B3n-Ley-20606-febrero-18-1.pdf ;https://www.minsal.cl/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/EVALUACION-LEY-DE-ALIMENTOS_julio-2019_02.pdf . - 52Taillie LS, Reyes M, Colchero MA, Popkin B, Corvalán C. An evaluation of Chile’s Law of Food Labeling and Advertising on sugar-sweetened beverage purchases from 2015 to 2017: A before-and-after study. PLoS Med. 2020; 17(2):
e1003015 . Published 2020 Feb 11. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003015:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7012389/ - 53Correa, T., Fierro, C., Reyes, M. et al. “Responses to the Chilean law of food labeling and advertising: exploring knowledge, perceptions and behaviors of mothers of young children”. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 16, 21 (2019). 10.1186/s12966-019-0781-x
- 54Ministry of Health of Chile.
Informes de Evaluación de la Implementación de la Ley sobre composición nutricional de los alimentos y su publicidad [Evaluation Reports on the Implementation of the Law on the Nutritional Composition of Foods and its Advertising] . Chile; 2017; 2018; 2019. Available at:https://www.minsal.cl/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Informe-Implementaci%C3%B3n-Ley-20606-junio-2017-PDF.pdf ;https://www.minsal.cl/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Informe-Implementaci%C3%B3n-Ley-20606-febrero-18-1.pdf ;https://www.minsal.cl/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/EVALUACION-LEY-DE-ALIMENTOS_julio-2019_02.pdf