Table 1
Change in Patient Outcomes, N = 554.
| Outcome | Pre-CR | Post-CR | Mean Difference | 95% CI | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Functional capacity (METs) | 9.3 ± 3.3 | 11.1 ± 3.7 | 1.8 ± 2.1 | 1.63 | 1.98 | <0.001 |
| Risk Factors | ||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.7 ± 5.2 | 28.2 ± 5.4 | –0.5 ± 2.2 | –0.70 | –0.31 | <0.001 |
| WC (cm) | 102.9 ± 13.0 | 101.8 ± 13.2 | –1.2 | –1.6 | –0.6 | <0.001 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 1.9 ± 0.9 | 1.6 ± 0.80 | –0.3 ± 0.8 | –0.38 | –0.24 | <0.001 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 0.0 ± 0.3 | –0.00 | 0.04 | 0.066 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.6 ± 1.1 | 3.3 ± 0.8 | –0.3 ± 0.9 | –0.39 | –0.24 | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 128.5 ± 17.7 | 123.7 ± 14.8 | –4.7 ± 15.9 | –6.08 | –3.42 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%)‡ | 6.8 ± 1.6 | 6.5 ± 1.3 | –0.3 ± 15.9 | –0.45 | –0.22 | <0.001 |
| Current tobacco use (%) | 107 (19.3) | 50 (9.0) | –10.3† | <0.001 | ||
| Quality of life*: | ||||||
| Physical functioning | 68.2 ± 24.0 | 74.9 ± 24.4 | 6.7 ± 25.9 | 2.08 | 11.35 | 0.004 |
| Social functioning | 77.9 ± 22.2 | 84.5 ± 18.1 | 6.5 ± 22.3 | 2.66 | 10.53 | 0.001 |
| Emotional well-being | 75.5 ± 17.5 | 81.3 ± 15.3 | 5.8 ± 15.9 | 3.13 | 8.57 | <0.001 |
| General health | 67.8 ± 19.2 | 74.6 ± 19.1 | 6.8 ± 15.9 | 4.10 | 9.61 | <0.001 |
| Role limitation due to physical health | 71.1 ± 36.3 | 81.9 ± 30.5 | 10.0 ± 34.7 | 3.85 | 16.31 | 0.002 |
| Role limitation due to emotional problems | 74.1 ± 37.0 | 81.1 ± 32.3 | 7.0 ± 38.1 | 0.18 | 13.86 | 0.044 |
| Energy/fatigue | 67.6 ± 18.6 | 74.1 ± 17.0 | 6.5 ± 16.1 | 3.57 | 9.42 | <0.001 |
| Pain | 79.0 ± 22.7 | 82.1 ± 18.9 | 3.1 ± 21.2 | –0.74 | 6.94 | 0.113 |
| CDS (scores) | 78.3 ± 23.9 | 66.3 ± 21.3 | –12.0 ± 15.3 | –13.3 | –10.8 | <0.001 |
[i] Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation.
CI, confidence interval; CR, cardiac rehabilitation; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; CDS, Cardiac Depression Scale (CDS).
* n = 124. According to Cohen, an effect size of 0.2 is an indicator of at least a small effect [9]. Effect sizes for physical functioning (d = 0.27, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.11–0.47), social functioning (d = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.11–0.47), emotional well-being (d = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.17–0.48), role limitation due to physical health (d = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.10–0.44), role limitation due to emotional problems (d = 0.21, 95% CI = 0.005–0.42), energy/fatigue (d = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.19–0.50) and general health (d = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.21–0.50) were all above this threshold.
‡ Among n =224 patients diagnosed with diabetes.
† Change in percentage.