Table 1
Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Participants by Geopolitical Zone.
| Overall | N/Central | N/East | N/West | S/East | S/South | S/West | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of participants (%) | 4192 (100) | 653 (15.6) | 1070 (25.5) | 709 (16.9) | 489 (11.7) | 543 (13.0) | 728 (17.4) |
| Women | 2377 (63.9) | 292 (47.5) | 600 (57.4) | 360 (59.6) | 327 (69.1) | 303 (61.2) | 495 (69.7) |
| Work Status | |||||||
| Govt. Employed | 693 (15.2) | 110 (22.1) | 172 (16.2) | 156 (20.3) | 66 (10.1) | 91 (14.3) | 98 (13.9) |
| Non-govt. Employed | 315 (5.51) | 108 (14.0) | 47 (4.35) | 17 (1.93) | 73 (9.34) | 20 (2.08) | 50 (7.42) |
| Self-Employed | 2110 (55.2) | 308 (41.5) | 536 (50.2) | 214 (35.8) | 252 (57.1) | 324 (65.6) | 476 (63.6) |
| Non-Paid | 16 (0.29) | 4 (0.54) | 2 (0.20) | 1 (0.05) | 4 (0.33) | 2 (0.13) | 3 (0.49) |
| Unemployed | 1044 (23.8) | 122 (21.9) | 319 (41.9) | 123 (17.4) | 92 (23.1) | 103 (18.0) | 99 (14.6) |
| Educational Status | |||||||
| No formal Education | 661 (19.0) | 28 (6.90) | 250 (24.3) | 238 (45.4) | 24 (4.72) | 19 (3.54) | 102 (12.8) |
| Primary Education | 903 (25.5) | 84 (14.19) | 246 (22.6) | 85 (13.0) | 129 (35.4) | 189 (35.2) | 170 (22.9) |
| Secondary Education | 1157 (25.4) | 216 (33.8) | 286 (26.4) | 171 (20.4) | 154 (31.6) | 164 (30.5) | 166 (23.4) |
| Tertiary Education | 1432 (30.1) | 316 (45.1) | 287 (26.7) | 214 (21.2) | 175 (23.3) | 165 (30.7) | 275 (40.8) |
| Smoking | 165 (3.40) | 50 (5.59) | 31 (2.98) | 21 (3.20) | 18 (5.6) | 30 (4.81) | 15 (2.03) |
| Drinking Alcohol | 1451 (32.2) | 348 (47.0) | 364 (33.5) | 14 (1.79) | 230 (56.7) | 323 (58.0) | 172 (26.0) |
| Mean ± SE | |||||||
| Age, Years | 46.7 ± 0.1 | 38.0 ± 0.1 | 43.8 ± 1.7 | 40.9 ± 2.3 | 51.5 ± 2.1 | 47.0 ± 1.7 | 50.0 ± 3.2 |
| SBP, mmHg | 129.3 ± 2.1 | 118.9 ± 1.5 | 120.8 ± 5.4 | 123.9 ± 0.1 | 136.9 ± 0.3 | 135.1 ± 0.7 | 131.5 ± 3.51 |
| DBP, mmHg | 79.8 ± 0.9 | 75.5 ± 0.3 | 75.8 ± 2.0 | 75.1 ± 0.7 | 82.3 ± 0.2 | 83.3 ± 0.4 | 82.1 ± 0.1 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.4 ± 0.6 | 24.5 ± 0.5 | 24.3 ± 0.6 | 22.0 ± 0.1 | 26.5 ± 1.5 | 24.2 ± 0.2 | 24.9 ± 5.7 |
[i] Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were derived from the average of five consecutive auscultatory readings Govt-Employed = Government Employed; Non-Govt Employed = Non-Government Employed.
Table 2
Crude and age-standardized prevalence of hypertension according to sex and place of residence.
| Region | Sex | Site | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | Rural | Urban | |||||||||||||
| N | nHT | Crude % | Adjusted* % | N | nHT | Crude % | Adjusted % | N | nHT | Crude % | Adjusted % | N | nHT | Crude % | Adjusted % | |
| N/Central | 361 | 87 | 24.1 | 23.0 | 292 | 53 | 18.2 | 18.6 | 196 | 39 | 19.9 | 20.0 | 457 | 101 | 22.1 | 22.1 |
| N/East | 470 | 120 | 25.5 | 24.3 | 600 | 168 | 28.0 | 29.9 | 788 | 192 | 24.4 | 25.0 | 282 | 96 | 34.0 | 34.2 |
| N/West | 349 | 69 | 19.8 | 21.5 | 360 | 95 | 26.4 | 30.4 | 398 | 109 | 27.4 | 28.2 | 311 | 55 | 17.7 | 17.5 |
| S/East | 162 | 71 | 43.8 | 38.0 | 327 | 181 | 55.4 | 59.5 | 176 | 91 | 51.7 | 53.1 | 313 | 161 | 51.4 | 52.2 |
| S/South | 240 | 98 | 40.8 | 41.1 | 303 | 138 | 45.5 | 46.8 | 321 | 144 | 44.9 | 45.1 | 222 | 92 | 41.4 | 41.6 |
| S/West | 233 | 89 | 38.2 | 37.5 | 495 | 215 | 43.4 | 44.1 | 295 | 129 | 43.7 | 44.4 | 433 | 175 | 40.4 | 41.1 |
| Overall | 1815 | 543 | 29.4 | 31.8 | 2377 | 850 | 35.8 | 41.8 | 2174 | 704 | 32.4 | 37.5 | 2018 | 680 | 33.7 | 39.2 |
[i] N = Number in group; nHT = Number of Hypertensive subjects. * Standardized to the 2006 National Population Census.
Table 3
Prevalence of Hypertension according to different age groups.
| Region | <30 Yrs | 30–39Yrs | 40–49Yrs | 50–59Yrs | 60–69Yrs | >70Yrs | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No in Group | HT (%) | No in Group | HT (%) | No in Group | HT (%) | No in Group | HT (%) | No in Group | HT (%) | No in Group | HT (%) | |
| N/Central | 172 | 5 (4.12) | 214 | 35 (14.9) | 155 | 30 (18.4) | 77 | 16 (24.7) | 26 | 3 (11.0) | 9 | 8 (81.2) |
| N/East | 261 | 7 (2.78) | 243 | 31 (12.9) | 208 | 66 (32.1) | 136 | 57 (42.5) | 121 | 70 (57.8) | 101 | 57 (58.1) |
| N/West | 266 | 18 (6.28) | 160 | 15 (8.24) | 116 | 31 (27.1) | 88 | 44 (45.2) | 42 | 33 (81.5) | 37 | 23 (63.5) |
| S/East | 45 | 6 (12.4) | 84 | 17 (24.1) | 119 | 61 (56.2) | 128 | 87 (67.6) | 67 | 48 (63.1) | 46 | 33 (71.8) |
| S/South | 119 | 16 (12.1) | 114 | 35 (29.2) | 116 | 58 (47.9) | 85 | 53 (65.4) | 67 | 45 (65.4) | 42 | 29 (69.2) |
| S/West | 92 | 6 (6.56) | 108 | 21 (20.8) | 147 | 69 (46.5) | 155 | 83 (54.9) | 123 | 66 (53.6) | 103 | 59 (58.2) |
| Rural | 454 | 21 (6.29) | 434 | 60 (15.9) | 410 | 150 (40.5) | 333 | 155 (51.8) | 281 | 163 (61.0) | 262 | 155 (62.1) |
| Urban | 501 | 37 (7.74) | 489 | 94 (21.7) | 451 | 182 (43.3) | 336 | 201 (61.0) | 165 | 112 (59.9) | 76 | 54 (65.7) |
| Overall | 955 | 58 (6.84) | 923 | 154 (18.1) | 861 | 332 (41.7) | 669 | 356 (55.5) | 446 | 275 (60.6) | 338 | 209 (63.0) |
[i] Hypertension was systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg and/or use of antihypertensive medication.
Table 4
Prevalence of Hypertension according to different BMI categories.
| <25 Kg/m2 | 25-29 Kg/m2 | 30-34 Kg/m2 | 35-39 Kg/m2 | ≥40 Kg/m2 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No in Group | HT (%) | No in Group | HT (%) | No in Group | HT (%) | No in Group | HT (%) | No in Group | HT (%) | |
| N/Central | 364 | 43 (10.3) | 192 | 55 (29.7) | 73 | 28 (45.3) | 18 | 12 (70.7) | 6 | 2 (26.7) |
| N/East | 665 | 136 (20.8) | 274 | 86 (32.0) | 91 | 42 (47.2) | 31 | 18 (58.2) | 9 | 6 (68.2) |
| N/West | 545 | 97 (21.5) | 126 | 43 (41.7) | 24 | 12 (47.8) | 9 | 7 (82.2) | 5 | 5 (100) |
| S/East | 157 | 20 (10.6) | 166 | 87 (54.5) | 105 | 65 (65.3) | 46 | 34 (73.9) | 15 | 12 (85.2) |
| S/South | 320 | 109 (36.7) | 146 | 72 (48.6) | 56 | 36 (63.5) | 15 | 13 (95.5) | 6 | 6 (100) |
| S/West | 426 | 154 (36.2) | 185 | 83 (44.1) | 80 | 44 (55.0) | 26 | 16 (61.1) | 11 | 7 (66.3) |
| Rural | 1466 | 384 (30.5) | 508 | 206 (46.8) | 143 | 73 (56.7) | 46 | 34 (79.8) | 11 | 7 (76.2) |
| Urban | 1011 | 209 (28.5) | 581 | 220 (40.3) | 286 | 154 (57.1) | 99 | 66 (62.9) | 41 | 31 (74.6) |
| Overall | 2477 | 593 (29.9) | 1089 | 426 (44.0) | 429 | 227 (56.9) | 145 | 100 (70.2) | 52 | 38 (75.1) |
[i] Hypertension was systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg and/or use of antihypertensive medication.
Table 5
Age Distribution and Prevalence of Prehypertension.
| <30 Yrs | 30–39Yrs | 40–49Yrs | 50–59Yrs | 60–69Yrs | >70Yrs | Overall | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No in Group | PreHT (%) | No in Group | PreHT (%) | No in Group | PreHT (%) | No in Group | PreHT (%) | No in Group | PreHT (%) | No in Group | PreHT (%) | No in Group | PreHT (%) | |
| N/Central | 172 | 20 (13.6) | 214 | 32 (17.0) | 155 | 30 (18.4) | 77 | 16 (24.7) | 26 | 3 (11.0) | 9 | – | 653 | 101 (16.8) |
| N/East | 261 | 44 (17.3) | 243 | 46 (19.4) | 208 | 42 (19.6) | 136 | 34 (24.7) | 121 | 16 (13.2) | 101 | 9 (8.35) | 1070 | 191 (17.8) |
| N/West | 266 | 40 (9.61) | 160 | 33 (18.2) | 116 | 18 (16.4) | 88 | 12 (9.36) | 42 | 3 (5.84) | 37 | 8 (21.9) | 709 | 114 (13.4) |
| S/East | 45 | 6 (9.05) | 84 | 18 (19.1) | 119 | 33 (23.5) | 128 | 12 (8.08) | 67 | 6 (10.7) | 46 | 1 (0.54) | 489 | 76 (12.1) |
| S/South | 119 | 44 (39.2) | 114 | 35 (29.6) | 116 | 32 (27.9) | 85 | 17 (18.0) | 67 | 11 (19.6) | 42 | 6 (13.3) | 543 | 145 (26.2) |
| S/West | 92 | 28 (32.1) | 108 | 36 (32.5) | 147 | 37 (25.6) | 155 | 29 (18.4) | 123 | 24 (20.0) | 103 | 22 (20.3) | 728 | 176 (24.3) |
| Rural | 454 | 72 (16.5) | 434 | 81 (21.0) | 410 | 150 (40.5) | 333 | 62 (14.8) | 281 | 37 (13.3) | 262 | 36 (14.0) | 2174 | 365 (37.5) |
| Urban | 501 | 110 (29.2) | 489 | 119 (29.2) | 451 | 115 (27.6) | 336 | 58 (17.6) | 165 | 26 (21.1) | 76 | 10 (15.5) | 2018 | 438 (24.7) |
| Overall | 955 | 182 (21.3) | 923 | 200 (24.1) | 861 | 192 (23.0) | 669 | 120 (15.9) | 446 | 63 (15.9) | 338 | 46 (14.3) | 4192 | 803 (19.7) |
[i] Prehypertension is a systolic blood pressure between 130–139 mmHg and/or diastolic BP between 80–89 mmHg.
Figure 1
Awareness (vertical lines), treatment (solid) and control (dots) of hypertension across the six geopolitical zones and the overall population. Awareness includes subjects previously diagnosed of hypertension. Treatment includes hypertensives patients on antihypertensive medication and control includes hypertensive patients receiving treatment whose systolic and diastolic BP are less than 140 and 90 mmHg respectively.
Figure 2
Hypertension Care Continuum Cascade. All hypertensive subjects whether diagnosed or undiagnosed is represented as 100%. Of these, 14.2% have never been screened for hypertension, 34.9% has been screened but not diagnosed, 36.2% have been diagnosed but not receiving treatment and 65.4% were treated but their blood pressure was still uncontrolled.