Table 1
Definitions and categories of the Ideal Cardiovascular Heart Index. (BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; * fruit and vegetable intake).
| Poor health | Intermediate health | Good health | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking | Yes | Former smoker, quit weeks or months ago | Never smoker or quit years ago |
| BMI | ≥30 kg/m2 | 25.0–29.9 kg/m2 | <25 kg/m2 |
| Physical activity | None | 1–149 min/week moderate intensity or 1–74 min/week vigorous intensity or 1–149 min/week combined activity | ≥150 min/week moderate intensity or ≥75 min/week vigorous intensity or ≥150 min/week combined activity |
| Blood pressure | SBP ≥ 140 mmHgand/or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg | SBP 120–139 or DBP 80–89 mmHg or treated to goal | SBP < 120 and DBP < 80 mmHg |
| Glucose | ≥126 mg/dL | 100–125 mg/dL or treated to goal | <100 mg/dL |
| Cholesterol | ≥240 mg/dL | 200–239 mg/dL or treated to goal | <200 mg/dL |
| Diet* | <2 servings/day | 2–4 servings/day | ≥5 servings/day |
Table 2
Baseline characteristics of the study population by sex, before multiple imputation was conducted. (BMI, body mass index; CIMT, carotid intima-media thickness; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; SD, standard deviation; ZAR, South African Rand).
| Women (n = 1056) | Men (n = 871) | Missing (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years (median [Min, Max]) | 38.16 [18,88] | 39.44 [18,68] | 0.0 |
| HIV positivity (n, %) | 529 (50.1) | 358 (41.1) | 0.0 |
| Smoking (n, %) | 183 (17.3) | 604 (69.3) | 0.0 |
| BMI (n, %) | 0.2 | ||
| Underweight | 101 (9.6) | 191 (22.0) | |
| Normal | 416 (39.4) | 518 (59.6) | |
| Overweight | 267 (25.3) | 106 (12.2) | |
| Obese | 271 (25.7) | 54 (6.2) | |
| Glucose in mg/dL (mean, SD) | 91.0 (54.8) | 86.7 (25.9) | 0.8 |
| Total cholesterol in mg/dL (mean, SD) | 167.6 (40.2) | 157.5 (36.7) | 0.9 |
| Average systolic blood pressure (mmHg; mean, SD) | 116.45 (23.79) | 121.09 (22.08) | 43.3 |
| Average diastolic blood pressure (mmHg; mean, SD) | 74.49 (13.73) | 75.19 (14.10) | 43.3 |
| Moderate physical activity in min/week (mean, SD) | 496.26 (729.58) | 586.68 (739.58) | 1.6 |
| Vigorous physical activity in min/week (mean, SD) | 99.79 (417.27) | 202.64 (522.79) | 1.5 |
| Fruit and vegetable intake in servings/day (mean, SD) | 1.91 (1.65) | 1.93 (1.51) | 2.1 |
| Family history of CVD (n, %) | 183 (17.3) | 98 (11.3) | 0.2 |
| Educational attainment (n, %) | 0.0 | ||
| None or primary | 231 (21.9) | 229 (26.3) | |
| Secondary or matric | 724 (68.6) | 576 (66.1) | |
| College or university | 101 (9.6) | 66 (7.6) | |
| Employment (n, %) | 0.0 | ||
| Employed | 182 (17.2) | 215 (24.7) | |
| Unemployed | 807 (76.4) | 574 (65.9) | |
| Student | 67 (6.3) | 82 (9.4) | |
| Income per person per month in ZAR (mean, SD) | 5.3 | ||
| <648 | 688 (66.6) | 455 (57.5) | |
| 648–992 | 90 (8.7) | 54 (6.8) | |
| >992 | 255 (24.7) | 282 (35.7) | |
| Relationship status (n, %) | 0.0 | ||
| Married or long term relationship | 603 (57.1) | 520 (59.7) | |
| Single | 367 (34.8) | 279 (32.0) | |
| Widowed | 60 (5.7) | 30 (3.4) | |
| Other | 26 (2.5) | 42 (4.8) | |
| Mean CIMT in mm (mean, SD) | 0.60 (0.11) | 0.63 (0.14) | 7.9 |
Figure 1
The prevalence of poor, intermediate, and good cardiovascular health for each factor of the cardiovascular health score, by sex.
Figure 2
Distribution of the cardiovascular health score (CVHIs) by sex. CVHIs is constructed by counting the number of favorable scoring risk factors, including: smoking, body-mass index, physical activity, blood pressure, glucose, total cholesterol, and diet.
Table 3
Logistic regression estimates for a good cardiovascular health score (CVHIs) of at least 5, for age, sex, HIV-status, education, employment and income. Adjusted odds ratio’s (OR’s) are adjusted for age, HIV-status, education and employment. (HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; OR, odds ratio; ZAR, South African rand).
| Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | <35 | Reference | Reference |
| 35–54 | 0.33 [0.27;0.42] | 0.76 [0.72;0.81] | |
| ≥55 | 0.15 [0.11;0.22] | 0.66 [0.62;0.72] | |
| Male sex | 1.04 [0.85;1.28] | – | |
| HIV-positive | 1.14 [0.93;1.40] | 1.14 [1.08;1.19] | |
| Education | None or primary | Reference | |
| Secondary or metric | 2.52 [1.95;3.25] | – | |
| College or university | 2.49 [1.67;3.69] | ||
| Employment | Employed | Reference | Reference |
| Unemployed | 1.01 [0.78;1.29] | 0.98 [0.93;1.04] | |
| Student | 5.67 [3.38;9.52] | 1.24 [1.12;1.37] | |
| Income (ZAR) | <648 | Reference | – |
| 648–992 | 1.15 [0.79;1.69] | ||
| >992 | 1.02 [0.82;1.27] | ||
Figure 3
Mean CIMT (mm) by category based on the cardiovascular health score (CVHIs) and sex, where CIMT is the carotid intima-media thickness.