Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Cardiovascular Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa Compared to High-Income Countries: An Epidemiological Perspective Cover

Cardiovascular Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa Compared to High-Income Countries: An Epidemiological Perspective

Open Access
|Feb 2020

References

  1. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet (London, England). 2018; 392(10159): 173688. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32203-7
  2. A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Default results are deaths and DALYs for 2017 with trends since 1990 [Internet]. 2017 [cited March 20, 2019]. Available at: http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool.
  3. World Health Organization (WHO). Global Health Estimates 2016: Deaths by Cause, Age, Sex, by Country and by Region, 20002016. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. 2018. Available at: https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/index1.html.
  4. Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS medicine. 2006; 3(11): e442. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442
  5. Moran A, Forouzanfar M, Sampson U, Chugh S, Feigin V, Mensah G. The epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors 2010 Study. Progress in cardiovascular diseases. 2013; 56(3): 2349. DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2013.09.019
  6. Owolabi MO, Sarfo F, Akinyemi R, Gebregziabher M, Akpa O, Akpalu A, et al. Dominant modifiable risk factors for stroke in Ghana and Nigeria (SIREN): A case-control study. The Lancet Global Health. 2018; 6(4): e436e46.
  7. Damasceno A, Mayosi BM, Sani M, Ogah OS, Mondo C, Ojji D, et al. The causes, treatment, and outcome of acute heart failure in 1006 Africans from 9 countries. Archives of internal medicine. 2012; 172(18): 138694. DOI: 10.1001/archinternmed.2012.3310
  8. Remenyi B, Carapetis J, Wyber R, Taubert K, Mayosi BM. Position statement of the World Heart Federation on the prevention and control of rheumatic heart disease. Nature Reviews Cardiology. 2013; 10(5): 28492. DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2013.34
  9. Eberly LA, Rusingiza E, Park PH, Ngoga G, Dusabeyezu S, Mutabazi F, et al. Understanding the Etiology of Heart Failure Among the Rural Poor in Sub-Saharan Africa: A 10-Year Experience From District Hospitals in Rwanda. Journal of Cardiac Failure. 2018; 24(12): 84953. DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2018.10.002
  10. Keates AK, Mocumbi AO, Ntsekhe M, Sliwa K, Stewart S. Cardiovascular disease in Africa: Epidemiological profile and challenges. Nature Reviews Cardiology. 2017; 14(5): 27393. DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2017.19
  11. Mensah GA, Roth GA, Sampson UK, Moran AE, Feigin VL, Forouzanfar MH, et al. Mortality from cardiovascular diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, 1990–2013: A systematic analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Cardiovascular journal of Africa. 2015; 26(2 Suppl 1): S610. DOI: 10.5830/CVJA-2015-036
  12. Kariuki JK, Stuart-Shor EM, Leveille SG, Hayman LL. Methodological Challenges in Estimating Trends and Burden of Cardiovascular Disease in sub-Saharan Africa. Cardiology Research and Practice. 2015; 2015: 921021. DOI: 10.1155/2015/921021
  13. Mensah GA. Descriptive epidemiology of cardiovascular risk factors and diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa. Progress in cardiovascular diseases. 2013; 56(3): 24050. DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2013.10.014
  14. Mocumbi AO, Lameira E, Yaksh A, Paul L, Ferreira MB, Sidi D. Challenges on the management of congenital heart disease in developing countries. International Journal of Cardiology. 2011; 148(3): 2858. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.11.006
  15. Mocumbi AO, Ferreira MB. Neglected cardiovascular diseases in Africa: Challenges and opportunities. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2010; 55(7): 6807. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.09.041
  16. Mocumbi AO, Falase AO. Recent advances in the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of endomyocardial fibrosis in Africa. Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2013; 99(20): 14817. DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2012-303193
  17. Zuhlke L, Karthikeyan G, Engel ME, Rangarajan S, Mackie P, Cupido-Katya Mauff B, et al. Clinical Outcomes in 3343 Children and Adults With Rheumatic Heart Disease From 14 Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Two-Year Follow-Up of the Global Rheumatic Heart Disease Registry (the REMEDY Study). Circulation. 2016; 134(19): 145666. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.024769
  18. Kakou-Guikahue M, N’Guetta R, Anzouan-Kacou JB, Kramoh E, N’Dori R, Ba SA, et al. Optimizing the management of acute coronary syndromes in sub-Saharan Africa: A statement from the AFRICARDIO 2015 Consensus Team. Archives of cardiovascular diseases. 2016; 109(6–7): 37683. DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2015.12.005
  19. Bonny A, Ngantcha M, Jeilan M, Okello E, Kaviraj B, Talle MA, et al. Statistics on the use of cardiac electronic devices and interventional electrophysiological procedures in Africa from 2011 to 2016: Report of the Pan African Society of Cardiology (PASCAR) Cardiac Arrhythmias and Pacing Task Forces. Europace: European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology: Journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology. 2018; 20(9): 151326. DOI: 10.1093/europace/eux353
  20. Carlson S, Duber HC, Achan J, Ikilezi G, Mokdad AH, Stergachis A, et al. Capacity for diagnosis and treatment of heart failure in sub-Saharan Africa. Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2017; 103(23): 18749. DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2016-310913
  21. United Nations. Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development; 2015.
  22. Nyaaba GN, Stronks K, de-Graft Aikins A, Kengne AP, Agyemang C. Tracing Africa’s progress towards implementing the Non-Communicable Diseases Global action plan 2013–2020: A synthesis of WHO country profile reports. BMC Public Health. 2017; 17(1): 297. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4199-6
  23. Price AJ, Crampin AC, Amberbir A, Kayuni-Chihana N, Musicha C, Tafatatha T, et al. Prevalence of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes, and cascade of care in sub-Saharan Africa: A cross-sectional, population-based study in rural and urban Malawi. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2018; 6(3): 20822. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30432-1
  24. Tibazarwa K, Ntyintyane L, Sliwa K, Gerntholtz T, Carrington M, Wilkinson D, et al. A time bomb of cardiovascular risk factors in South Africa: results from the Heart of Soweto Study “Heart Awareness Days”. International Journal of Cardiology. 2009; 132(2): 2339. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.11.067
  25. Atun R, Davies JI, Gale EAM, Barnighausen T, Beran D, Kengne AP, et al. Diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa: From clinical care to health policy. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2017; 5(8): 62267. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30181-X
  26. Collaborators GT. Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2015: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet (London, England). 2017; 389(10082): 1885906. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30819-X
  27. World Health Organization (WHO). WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco smoking 2000–2025, second edition. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018.
  28. (NCD-RisC) NRFC. Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: A pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19.1 million participants. Lancet (London, England). 2017; 389(10064): 3755.
  29. Hendriks ME, Wit FW, Roos MT, Brewster LM, Akande TM, de Beer IH, et al. Hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa: Cross-sectional surveys in four rural and urban communities. PloS one. 2012; 7(3): e32638. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032638
  30. Gebreselassie KZ, Padyab M. Epidemiology of Hypertension Stages in Two Countries in Sub-Sahara Africa: Factors Associated with Hypertension Stages. International Journal of Hypertension. 2015; 2015: 959256. DOI: 10.1155/2015/959256
  31. (NCD-RisC) NRFC. Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: A pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants. Lancet (London, England). 2016; 387(10027): 151330.
  32. Noubiap JJ, Bigna JJ, Nansseu JR, Nyaga UF, Balti EV, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, et al. Prevalence of dyslipidaemia among adults in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Global Health. 2018; 6(9): e998e1007. DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30275-4
  33. Karaye KM, Habib AG. Dyslipidaemia in patients with established cardiovascular disease in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 2014; 21(6): 68291. DOI: 10.1177/2047487312460018
  34. Benjamin EJ, Virani SS, Callaway CW, Chamberlain AM, Chang AR, Cheng S, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics – 2018 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018; 137(12): e67e492. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000573
  35. Joffres M, Shields M, Tremblay MS, Connor Gorber S. Dyslipidemia prevalence, treatment, control, and awareness in the Canadian Health Measures Survey. Canadian Journal of Public Health = Revue Canadienne de Sante Publique. 2013; 104(3): e2527. DOI: 10.17269/cjph.104.3783
  36. Venkitachalam L, Wang K, Porath A, Corbalan R, Hirsch AT, Cohen DJ, et al. Global variation in the prevalence of elevated cholesterol in outpatients with established vascular disease or 3 cardiovascular risk factors according to national indices of economic development and health system performance. Circulation. 2012; 125(15): 185869. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.064378
  37. Laforest L, Ambegaonkar BM, Souchet T, Sazonov V, Van Ganse E. Mixed dyslipidemias in primary care patients in France. Vascular health and risk management. 2012; 8: 24754. DOI: 10.2147/VHRM.S27668
  38. Guthold R, Louazani SA, Riley LM, Cowan MJ, Bovet P, Damasceno A, et al. Physical activity in 22 African countries: Results from the World Health Organization STEPwise approach to chronic disease risk factor surveillance. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2011; 41(1): 5260. DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2011.03.008
  39. Assah F, Mbanya JC, Ekelund U, Wareham N, Brage S. Patterns and correlates of objectively measured free-living physical activity in adults in rural and urban Cameroon. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2015; 69(7): 7007. DOI: 10.1136/jech-2014-205154
  40. World Health Organization (WHO). Global recommendations on physical activity for health. Geneva 2010. Available at: https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/9789241599979/en/.
  41. Collaborators GO. Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries over 25 Years. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2017; 377(1): 1327. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1614362
  42. Ofori-Asenso R, Agyeman AA, Laar A, Boateng D. Overweight and obesity epidemic in Ghana-a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2016; 16(1): 1239. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3901-4
  43. Magitta NF. Epidemiology of tobacco use and dependence in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. J Pulmonol Clin Res. 2018; 2(1): 915.
  44. Addo J, Smeeth L, Leon DA. Hypertension in sub-saharan Africa: A systematic review. Hypertension (Dallas, Texas: 1979). 2007; 50(6): 10128. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.093336
  45. Ataklte F, Erqou S, Kaptoge S, Taye B, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Kengne AP. Burden of undiagnosed hypertension in sub-saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertension (Dallas, Texas: 1979). 2015; 65(2): 2918. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04394
  46. Chow CK, Teo KK, Rangarajan S, Islam S, Gupta R, Avezum A, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in rural and urban communities in high-, middle-, and low-income countries. Jama. 2013; 310(9): 95968. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.184182
  47. Niklas A, Flotynska A, Puch-Walczak A, Polakowska M, Topor-Madry R, Polak M, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in the adult Polish population – Multi-center National Population Health Examination Surveys – WOBASZ studies. Archives of Medical Science: AMS. 2018; 14(5): 95161. DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2017.72423
  48. BeLue R, Okoror TA, Iwelunmor J, Taylor KD, Degboe AN, Agyemang C, et al. An overview of cardiovascular risk factor burden in sub-Saharan African countries: A socio-cultural perspective. Globalization and Health. 2009; 5: 10. DOI: 10.1186/1744-8603-5-10
  49. World Health Organization (WHO). WHO MONICA Monograph and Multimedia Sourcebook. World’s largest study of heart disease, stroke, risk factors, and population trends 1979–2002. Geneva; 2003.
  50. Moran AE, Forouzanfar MH, Roth GA, Mensah GA, Ezzati M, Murray CJ, et al. Temporal trends in ischemic heart disease mortality in 21 world regions, 1980 to 2010: The Global Burden of Disease 2010 study. Circulation. 2014; 129(14): 148392. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.004042
  51. Seedat YK, Mayet FG, Latiff GH, Joubert G. Risk factors and coronary heart disease in Durban blacks—the missing links. South African Medical Journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde. 1992; 82(4): 2516.
  52. Hertz JT, Reardon JM, Rodrigues CG, de Andrade L, Limkakeng AT, Bloomfield GS, et al. Acute myocardial infarction in sub-Saharan Africa: The need for data. PloS one. 2014; 9(5): e96688. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096688
  53. Sliwa K, Wilkinson D, Hansen C, Ntyintyane L, Tibazarwa K, Becker A, et al. Spectrum of heart disease and risk factors in a black urban population in South Africa (the Heart of Soweto Study): A cohort study. Lancet (London, England). 2008; 371(9616): 91522. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60417-1
  54. Walker AR, Sareli P. Coronary heart disease: Outlook for Africa. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1997; 90(1): 237. DOI: 10.1177/014107689709000108
  55. Bertrand E. Coronary heart disease in black Africans: An overview. East African Medical Journal. 1995; 72(1): 3741.
  56. Agbor VN, Essouma M, Ntusi NAB, Nyaga UF, Bigna JJ, Noubiap JJ. Heart failure in sub-Saharan Africa: A contemporaneous systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Cardiology. 2018; 257: 20715. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.12.048
  57. Dokainish H, Teo K, Zhu J, Roy A, AlHabib KF, ElSayed A, et al. Heart Failure in Africa, Asia, the Middle East and South America: The INTER-CHF study. International Journal of Cardiology. 2016; 204: 13341. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.11.183
  58. Kwan GF, Mayosi BM, Mocumbi AO, Miranda JJ, Ezzati M, Jain Y, et al. Endemic Cardiovascular Diseases of the Poorest Billion. Circulation. 2016; 133(24): 256175. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.008731
  59. Jablonski-Cohen MS, Kosgei RJ, Rerimoi AJ, Mamlin JJ. The emerging problem of coronary heart disease in Kenya. East African Medical Journal. 2003; 80(6): 2937. DOI: 10.4314/eamj.v80i6.8704
  60. Shavadia J, Yonga G, Otieno H. A prospective review of acute coronary syndromes in an urban hospital in sub-Saharan Africa. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa. 2012; 23(6): 31821. DOI: 10.5830/CVJA-2012-002
  61. Schamroth C. Management of acute coronary syndrome in South Africa: Insights from the ACCESS (Acute Coronary Events – a Multinational Survey of Current Management Strategies) registry. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa. 2012; 23(7): 36570. DOI: 10.5830/CVJA-2012-017
  62. Onen CL. Epidemiology of ischaemic heart disease in sub-Saharan Africa. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa. 2013; 24(2): 3442. DOI: 10.5830/CVJA-2012-071
  63. Nkoke C, Luchuo EB. Coronary heart disease in sub-Saharan Africa: Still rare, misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed? Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy. 2016; 6(1): 646.
  64. Walker RW, Dewhurst M, Gray WK, Jusabani A, Aris E, Unwin N, et al. Electrocardiographic assessment of coronary artery disease and stroke risk factors in rural and urban Tanzania: A case-control study. Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases: The official journal of National Stroke Association. 2014; 23(2): 31520. DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.03.002
  65. Ebireri J, Aderemi AV, Omoregbe N, Adeloye D. Interventions addressing risk factors of ischaemic heart disease in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. BMJ Open. 2016; 6(7): e011881. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011881
  66. O’Donnell MJ, Chin SL, Rangarajan S, Xavier D, Liu L, Zhang H, et al. Global and regional effects of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with acute stroke in 32 countries (INTERSTROKE): A case-control study. Lancet (London, England). 2016; 388(10046): 76175. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30506-2
  67. Walker R, Whiting D, Unwin N, Mugusi F, Swai M, Aris E, et al. Stroke incidence in rural and urban Tanzania: A prospective, community-based study. The Lance Neurology. 2010; 9(8): 78692. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70144-7
  68. Owolabi MO, Akarolo-Anthony S, Akinyemi R, Arnett D, Gebregziabher M, Jenkins C, et al. The burden of stroke in Africa: A glance at the present and a glimpse into the future. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa. 2015; 26(2 Suppl 1): S2738. DOI: 10.5830/CVJA-2015-038
  69. Kengne AP, Anderson CS. The neglected burden of stroke in Sub-Saharan Africa. International journal of stroke: Official journal of the International Stroke Society. 2006; 1(4): 18090. DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-4949.2006.00064.x
  70. Feigin VL, Lawes CM, Bennett DA, Barker-Collo SL, Parag V. Worldwide stroke incidence and early case fatality reported in 56 population-based studies: A systematic review. The Lancet Neurology. 2009; 8(4): 35569. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70025-0
  71. Baatiema L, Chan CKY, Sav A, Somerset S. Interventions for acute stroke management in Africa: A systematic review of the evidence. Systematic Reviews. 2017; 6(1): 213. DOI: 10.1186/s13643-017-0594-4
  72. Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JGF, Coats AJS, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure. Revista espanola de cardiologia (English ed). 2016; 69(12): 1167. DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2016.11.005
  73. Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Jr., Drazner MH, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2013; 62(16): e147239.
  74. Nieminen MS, Brutsaert D, Dickstein K, Drexler H, Follath F, Harjola VP, et al. EuroHeart Failure Survey II (EHFS II): a survey on hospitalized acute heart failure patients: Description of population. European Heart Journal. 2006; 27(22): 272536. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehl193
  75. Adams KF, Jr., Fonarow GC, Emerman CL, LeJemtel TH, Costanzo MR, Abraham WT, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of patients hospitalized for heart failure in the United States: rationale, design, and preliminary observations from the first 100,000 cases in the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE). American Heart Journal. 2005; 149(2): 20916. DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2004.08.005
  76. Khatibzadeh S, Farzadfar F, Oliver J, Ezzati M, Moran A. Worldwide risk factors for heart failure: A systematic review and pooled analysis. International Journal of Cardiology. 2013; 168(2): 118694. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.11.065
  77. Ojji D, Stewart S, Ajayi S, Manmak M, Sliwa K. A predominance of hypertensive heart failure in the Abuja Heart Study cohort of urban Nigerians: A prospective clinical registry of 1515 de novo cases. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2013; 15(8): 83542. DOI: 10.1093/eurjhf/hft061
  78. Sliwa K, Mayosi BM. Recent advances in the epidemiology, pathogenesis and prognosis of acute heart failure and cardiomyopathy in Africa. Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2013; 99(18): 131722. DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-303592
  79. Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Sliwa K. Pathophysiology and epidemiology of peripartum cardiomyopathy. Nature Reviews Cardiology. 2014; 11(6): 36470. DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2014.37
  80. Karaye KM, Habib AG, Sliwa K. Epidemiology of Peripartum Cardiomyopathy in Africa. International Cardiovascular Forum Journal. 2018; 15: 611. DOI: 10.17987/icfj.v15i0.545
  81. Stewart S, Mocumbi AO, Carrington MJ, Pretorius S, Burton R, Sliwa K. A not-so-rare form of heart failure in urban black Africans: Pathways to right heart failure in the Heart of Soweto Study cohort. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2011; 13(10): 10707. DOI: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfr108
  82. Alqahtani F, Aljohani S, Amin AH, Al-Hijji M, Ali OO, Holmes DR, et al. Effect of Race on the Incidence of Aortic Stenosis and Outcomes of Aortic Valve Replacement in the United States. Mayo Clinic proceedings. 2018; 93(5): 60717. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.11.026
  83. DiGiorgi PL, Baumann FG, O’Leary AM, Schwartz CF, Grossi EA, Ribakove GH, et al. Mitral valve disease presentation and surgical outcome in African-American patients compared with white patients. The Annals of thoracic surgery. 2008; 85(1): 8993. DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2007.07.048
  84. van der Linde D, Konings EE, Slager MA, Witsenburg M, Helbing WA, Takkenberg JJ, et al. Birth prevalence of congenital heart disease worldwide: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2011; 58(21): 22417. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.08.025
  85. Tantchou Tchoumi JC, Butera G, Giamberti A, Ambassa JC, Sadeu JC. Occurrence and pattern of congenital heart diseases in a rural area of sub-Saharan Africa. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa. 2011; 22(2): 636. DOI: 10.5830/CVJA-2010-046
  86. Adebayo BE, Ogunkunle OO, Omokhodion SI, Luke RD. The spectrum of structural heart defects seen in children at the University College Hospital, Ibadan. Nig J Cardiol. 2016; 13: 1305. DOI: 10.4103/0189-7969.187712
  87. Sani MU, Mukhtar-Yola M, Karaye KM. Spectrum of congenital heart disease in a tropical environment: An echocardiography study. Journal of the National Medical Association. 2007; 99(6): 6659.
  88. Noubiap JJ, Agbor VN, Ndoadoumgue AL, Nkeck JR, Kamguia A, Nyaga UF, et al. Epidemiology of pericardial diseases in Africa: A systematic scoping review. Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2019; 105(3): 1808. DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2018-313922
  89. Mayosi BM, Wiysonge CS, Ntsekhe M, Gumedze F, Volmink JA, Maartens G, et al. Mortality in patients treated for tuberculous pericarditis in sub-Saharan Africa. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde. 2008; 98(1): 3640.
  90. Mutyaba AK, Balkaran S, Cloete R, du Plessis N, Badri M, Brink J, et al. Constrictive pericarditis requiring pericardiectomy at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa: Causes and perioperative outcomes in the HIV era (1990–2012). The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2014; 148(6): 305865.e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.07.065
  91. Imazio M, Cecchi E, Demichelis B, Ierna S, Demarie D, Ghisio A, et al. Indicators of poor prognosis of acute pericarditis. Circulation. 2007; 115(21): 273944. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.662114
  92. Permanyer-Miralda G, Sagrista-Sauleda J, Soler-Soler J. Primary acute pericardial disease: A prospective series of 231 consecutive patients. The American Journal of Cardiology. 1985; 56(10): 62330. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9149(85)91023-9
  93. Mayosi BM, Ntsekhe M, Bosch J, Pandie S, Jung H, Gumedze F, et al. Prednisolone and Mycobacterium indicus pranii in tuberculous pericarditis. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2014; 371(12): 112130. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1407380
  94. UNAIDS. 2017 Global HIV statistics — 2018 fact sheet; 2018.
  95. Ntsekhe M, Mayosi BM. Cardiac manifestations of HIV infection: An African perspective. Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine. 2009; 6(2): 1207. DOI: 10.1038/ncpcardio1437
  96. Friis-Moller N, Sabin CA, Weber R, d’Arminio Monforte A, El-Sadr WM, Reiss P, et al. Combination antiretroviral therapy and the risk of myocardial infarction. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003; 349(21): 19932003. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa030218
  97. Erqou S, Lodebo BT, Masri A, Altibi AM, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Dzudie A, et al. Cardiac Dysfunction Among People Living With HIV: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JACC Heart Failure. 2019; 7(2): 98108. DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2018.10.006
  98. Syed FF, Sani MU. Recent advances in HIV-associated cardiovascular diseases in Africa. Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2013; 99(16): 114653. DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2012-303177
  99. Sliwa K, Carrington MJ, Becker A, Thienemann F, Ntsekhe M, Stewart S. Contribution of the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome epidemic to de novo presentations of heart disease in the Heart of Soweto Study cohort. European Heart Journal. 2012; 33(7): 86674. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr398
  100. Tseng ZH, Secemsky EA, Dowdy D, Vittinghoff E, Moyers B, Wong JK, et al. Sudden cardiac death in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2012; 59(21): 18916. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.02.024
  101. Hyle EP, Mayosi BM, Middelkoop K, Mosepele M, Martey EB, Walensky RP, et al. The association between HIV and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2017; 17(1): 954. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4940-1
  102. Grimaldi A, Mocumbi AO, Freers J, Lachaud M, Mirabel M, Ferreira B, et al. Tropical Endomyocardial Fibrosis: Natural History, Challenges, and Perspectives. Circulation. 2016; 133(24): 250315. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.021178
  103. Dabas N, Macon C, Colombo R, Badiye A. Does Endomyocardial Fibrosis Exist in the United States? A Challenging Case. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2018; 71(11 Supplement): A2430. DOI: 10.1016/S0735-1097(18)32971-1
  104. Bukhman G, Ziegler J, Parry E. Endomyocardial fibrosis: Still a mystery after 60 years. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2008; 2(2): e97. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000097
  105. Mocumbi AO, Ferreira MB, Sidi D, Yacoub MH. A population study of endomyocardial fibrosis in a rural area of Mozambique. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2008; 359(1): 439. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0708629
  106. Vijayaraghavan G, Sivasankaran S. Tropical endomyocardial fibrosis in India: A vanishing disease! The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2012; 136(5): 72938.
  107. Akinwusi PO, Odeyemi AO. The changing pattern of endomyocardial fibrosis in South-west Nigeria. Clinical Medicine Insights Cardiology. 2012; 6: 1638. DOI: 10.4137/CMC.S10141
  108. Thienemann F, Dzudie A, Mocumbi AO, Blauwet L, Sani MU, Karaye KM, et al. The causes, treatment, and outcome of pulmonary hypertension in Africa: Insights from the Pan African Pulmonary Hypertension Cohort (PAPUCO) Registry. International Journal of Cardiology. 2016; 221: 20511. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.06.242
  109. Dzudie A, Dzekem BS, Tchoumi CT, Aminde LN, Mocumbi AO, Abanda M, et al. Pulmonary hypertension as seen in a rural area in sub-Saharan Africa: High prevalence, late clinical presentation and a high short-term mortality rate during follow up. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa. 2018; 29(4): 20812. DOI: 10.5830/CVJA-2018-007
  110. McGoon MD, Benza RL, Escribano-Subias P, Jiang X, Miller DP, Peacock AJ, et al. Pulmonary arterial hypertension: Epidemiology and registries. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2013; 62(25 Suppl): D519. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.10.023
  111. Johnston LE, Stewart BT, Yangni-Angate H, Veller M, Upchurch GR, Jr., Gyedu A, et al. Peripheral Arterial Disease in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review. JAMA Surgery. 2016; 151(6): 56472. DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2016.0446
  112. Fowkes FG, Rudan D, Rudan I, Aboyans V, Denenberg JO, McDermott MM, et al. Comparison of global estimates of prevalence and risk factors for peripheral artery disease in 2000 and 2010: A systematic review and analysis. Lancet (London, England). 2013; 382(9901): 132940. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61249-0
  113. Kouala Landa CM, Ellenga Mbolla BF, Mongo-Ngamami SF, Makani Bassakouahou J, Bakekolo RP, Ikama MS, et al. Aortic dissection in sub-Saharan Africa: Difficulty of management in country without cardiac surgery. Clinical Case in Congo-Brazzaville. RMJ. 2017; 74(3): 146.
  114. Ogeng’o JA, Olabu BO, Kilonzi JP. Pattern of aortic aneurysms in an African country. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2010; 140(4): 797800. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2009.11.023
  115. Sampson UK, Norman PE, Fowkes FG, Aboyans V, Yanna S, Harrell FE, Jr., et al. Global and regional burden of aortic dissection and aneurysms: Mortality trends in 21 world regions, 1990 to 2010. Global Heart. 2014; 9(1): 17180.e10. DOI: 10.1016/j.gheart.2013.12.010
  116. Sampson UK, Norman PE, Fowkes FG, Aboyans V, Song Y, Harrell FE, Jr., et al. Estimation of global and regional incidence and prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysms 1990 to 2010. Global Heart. 2014; 9(1): 15970. DOI: 10.1016/j.gheart.2013.12.009
  117. Kitchen ND. Racial distribution of aneurysms in Zimbabwe. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1989; 82(3): 1368. DOI: 10.1177/014107688908200305
  118. Costa M, Robbs JV. Abdominal aneurysms in a black population: Clinicopathological study. The British Journal of Surgery. 1986; 73(7): 5548. DOI: 10.1002/bjs.1800730713
  119. Chaikof EL, Dalman RL, Eskandari MK, Jackson BM, Lee WA, Mansour MA, et al. The Society for Vascular Surgery practice guidelines on the care of patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2018; 67(1): 277.e2. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2017.10.044
  120. World Health Organization (WHO). Public financing for health in Africa: From Abuja to the SDGs. 2016. Available at: https://www.who.int/health_financing/documents/public-financing-africa/en/.
  121. World Health Organization (WHO). State of health financing in the African region. Brazzaville: WHO Africa; 2013. Available at: https://www.afro.who.int/sites/default/files/2017-06/state-of-health-financing-afro.pdf.
  122. Trinitapoli J, Yeatman S, Fledderjohann J. Sibling support and the educational prospects of young adults in Malawi. Demographic Research. 2014; 30: 54778. DOI: 10.4054/DemRes.2014.30.19
  123. Yao H, Ekou A, Hadeou A, N’Djessan JJ, Kouame I, N’Guetta R. Medium and long-term follow-up after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in a sub-Saharan Africa population: A prospective cohort study. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. 2019; 19(1): 65. DOI: 10.1186/s12872-019-1043-1
  124. Eberly LA, Rusingiza E, Park PH, Ngoga G, Dusabeyezu S, Mutabazi F, et al. Nurse-Driven Echocardiography and Management of Heart Failure at District Hospitals in Rural Rwanda. Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes. 2018; 11(12): e004881. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.118.004881
  125. Agyepong IA, Sewankambo N, Binagwaho A, Coll-Seck AM, Corrah T, Ezeh A, et al. The path to longer and healthier lives for all Africans by 2030: The Lancet Commission on the future of health in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet (London, England). 2018; 390(10114): 280359. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31509-X
  126. Talle MA, Bonny A, Scholtz W, Chin A, Nel G, Karaye KM, et al. Status of cardiac arrhythmia services in Africa in 2018: A PASCAR Sudden Cardiac Death Task Force report. Cardiovascular journal of Africa. 2018; 29(2): 11521. DOI: 10.5830/CVJA-2018-027
  127. Mayosi BM. The 10 ‘Best Buys’ to combat heart disease, diabetes and stroke in Africa. Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2013; 99(14): 9734. DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304130
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.403 | Journal eISSN: 2211-8179
Language: English
Submitted on: Aug 12, 2019
|
Accepted on: Nov 23, 2019
|
Published on: Feb 12, 2020
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2020 Matthew Fomonyuy Yuyun, Karen Sliwa, Andre Pascal Kengne, Anna Olga Mocumbi, Gene Bukhman, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.