Table 1
Baseline characteristics of participants in case and control group.
| Variables | Case group (n = 502) | Control group (n = 538) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at baseline (years) | 57.7 ± 11.7 | 49.28 ± 11.12 | 0.00001 | |
| Sex (Male) n (%) | 279 (55.58) | 251 (46.65) | 0.004 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.06 ± 4.49 | 26.7 ± 4.42 | 0.19 | |
| Overweight, n (%) | 226 (45.02) | 218 (40.52) | 0.14 | |
| Obesity, n (%) | 111 (22.11) | 127 (23.61) | 0.56 | |
| Smoking, n (%) | 132 (26.35) | 105 (19.59) | 0.01 | |
| SBP (mmHg) | 132.69 ± 24.32 | 120.71 ± 19.39 | 0.00001 | |
| DBP (mmHg) | 82.88 ± 12.48 | 78.38 ± 10.93 | 0.00001 | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 251 (50) | 133 (24.72) | 0.0001 | |
| Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 228.25 ± 53.95 | 214.97 ± 48.74 | 0.00001 | |
| Hypercholesterolemia, n (%) | 345 (48.73) | 316 (58.74) | 0.001 | |
| LDL-C (mg/dl) | 139.4 ± 45.83 | 130.93 ± 40.6 | 0.001 | |
| High LDL-C, n (%) | 289 (57.57) | 263 (48.88) | 0.005 | |
| HDL-C (mg/dl) | 46.63 ± 10.49 | 47.79 ± 10.57 | 0.18 | |
| Low HDL-C, n (%) | 231 (460.2) | 239 (44.42) | 0.6 | |
| Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 211.07 ± 110.15 | 182.71 ± 96.3 | 0.00001 | |
| Hypertriglyceridemia, n (%) | 348 (69.32) | 294 (54.65) | 0.0001 | |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 465 (92.63) | 462 (85.87) | 0.0001 | |
| Blood sugar (mg/dl) | 100.46 ± 47.82 | 86.92 ± 28.81 | 0.00001 | |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 119 (23.71) | 53 (9.85) | 0.0001 | |
| Metabolic syndrome (%) | 238 (47.41) | 170 (31.60) | 0.0001 | |
| Number of CVD Risk factors n, (%) | 0 | 14 (2.79) | 44 (8.21) | 0.0001 |
| 1 | 136 (27.15) | 252 (47.01) | ||
| 2 | 205 (40.92) | 191 (35.63) | ||
| >2 | 147 (29.28) | 51 (9.47) | ||
| Hs-CRP (mg/l) | 3.51 ± 1.87 | 3.29 ± 1.6 | 0.04 |
[i] N: number of patients, BMI: body mass index, kg/m2: kilograms per square meter, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, mmHg: millimeter mercury, LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dl: milligrams per deciliter, Hs-CRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein, mg/l: milligrams per liter.
Table 2
CVD prediction based on hs-CRP with Logistic regression model in studied participants (n = 1040).
| OR | 95% CI | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Crude | 1.06 | 1.02–1.12 | 0.005 |
| Model 1 | 1.05 | 1.001–1.1 | 0.04 |
| Model 2 | 1.05 | 1.009–1.11 | 0.01 |
| Model 3 | 1.04 | 0.99–1.09 | 0.07 |
| Model 4 | 1.05 | 1.0005–1.1 | 0.04 |
| Model 5 | 1.05 | 1.004–1.1 | 0.04 |
| Model 6 | 1.05 | 1.007–1.11 | 0.03 |
| Model 7 | 1.04 | 0.99–1.09 | 0.06 |
| Model 8 | 1.05 | 1.003–1.1 | 0.04 |
[i] OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval.
Model 1: adjusted for age & sex.
Model 2: adjusted for age, sex and dyslipidemia.
Model 3: adjusted for age, sex and hypertension.
Model 4: adjusted for age, sex and diabetes.
Model 5: adjusted for age, sex and cigarette smoking.
Model 6: adjusted for age, sex and obesity.
Model 7: adjusted for age, sex and Met. Syndrome.
Model 8: adjusted for age, sex, dyslipidemia, HTN, DM, obesity and cigarette smoking.
Table 3
CVD prediction based on hs-CRP with Logistic regression model in studied participants with dyslipidemia, DM, HTN, Obesity and cigarette smoking.
| Risk factors | Models | OR | 95% CI | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dyslipidemia (N = 927) | Crude | 1.06 | 1.01–1.11 | 0.008 |
| age & sex adjusted | 1.04 | 0.99–1.10 | 0.05 | |
| Diabetes mellitus (N = 172) | Crude | 1.14 | 1.03–1.26 | 0.01 |
| age & sex adjusted | 1.08 | 0.97–1.21 | 0.1 | |
| Hypertension (N = 384) | Crude | 1.05 | 0.99–1.11 | 0.07 |
| age & sex adjusted | 1.05 | 0.99–1.12 | 0.06 | |
| Obesity (N = 238) | Crude | 1.08 | 0.99–1.18 | 0.05 |
| age & sex adjusted | 1.06 | 0.97–1.16 | 0.1 | |
| Cigarette smoking (N = 237) | Crude | 0.97 | 0.87–1.08 | 0.6 |
| age & sex adjusted | 0.97 | 0.87–1.08 | 0.6 |
[i] N: number, OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval.
Table 4
CVD prediction based on hs-CRP quartiles with Logistic regression model in studied participants (n = 1040).
| OR (95% CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | |
| Crude | ref | 1.14 (0.89–1.46) | 0.97 (0.75–1.25) | 1.36 (1.06–1.74) |
| Model 1 | ref | 1.15 (0.90–1.47) | 0.91 (0.71–1.18) | 1.23 (0.96–1.58) |
| Model 2 | ref | 1.16 (0.91–1.49) | 0.91 (0.71–1.17) | 1.30 (1.01–1.67) |
| Model 3 | ref | 1.13 (0.88–1.44) | 0.91 (0.71–1.19) | 1.22 (0.22–1.57) |
| Model 4 | ref | 1.14 (0.89–1.45) | 0.91 (0.71–1.18) | 1.21 (0.94–1.55) |
| Model 5 | ref | 1.15 (0.90–1.47) | 0.90 (0.69–1.16) | 1.23 (0.96–1.58) |
| Model 6 | ref | 1.14 (0.89–1.46) | 0.91 (0.70–1.18) | 1.21 (0.97–1.56) |
| Model 7 | ref | 1.12 (0.87–1.43) | 0.90 (0.69–1.16) | 1.22 (0.95–1.57) |
| Model 8 | ref | 1.14 (0.89–1.46) | 0.91 (0.69–1.16) | 1.26 (0.98–1.62) |
[i] OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval, Q1: 0.1–2.3 mg/l, Q2: 2.4–3 mg/l, Q3: 3.1–4 mg/l and Q4: 4.1–14 mg/l, ref: reference.
Model 1: adjusted for age & sex.
Model 2: adjusted for age, sex and dyslipidemia.
Model 3: adjusted for age, sex and hypertension (HTN).
Model 4: adjusted for age, sex and diabetes mellitus (DM).
Model 5: adjusted for age, sex and cigarette smoking.
Model 6: adjusted for age, sex and obesity.
Model 7: adjusted for age, sex and Metabolic Syndrome.
Model 8: adjusted for age, sex, dyslipidemia, HTN, DM, obesity and cigarette smoking.
Table 5
Association between CDV and hs-CRP quartiles in Isfahan Cohort with Logistic regression model in patients with dyslipidemia, DM, HTN, obesity and cigarette smoking.
| Risk factors | Models | OR (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | ||
| Dyslipidemia (N = 927) | Crude | ref | 1.23 (0.95–1.58) | 1.00 (0.76–1.30) | 1.44 (1.11–1.87) |
| age & sex adjusted | ref | 1.28 (0.99–1.65) | 0.94 (0.72–1.23) | 1.31 (1.01–1.70) | |
| Diabetes mellitus (N = 172) | Crude | ref | 1.16 (0.70–1.95) | 0.93 (0.53–1.63) | 1.82 (1.10–3.00) |
| age & sex adjusted | ref | 1.14 (0.68–1.91) | 0.83 (0.47–1.45) | 1.33 (0.80–2.23) | |
| Hypertension (N = 384) | Crude | ref | 0.92 (0.64–1.31) | 0.90 (0.63–1.28) | 1.18 (0.83–1.68) |
| age & sex adjusted | ref | 0.93 (0.65–1.33) | 0.92 (0.64–1.32) | 1.13 (0.80–1.60) | |
| Obesity (N = 238) | Crude | ref | 1.04 (0.61–1.78) | 1.10 (0.64–1.89) | 1.38 (0.81–2.37) |
| age & sex adjusted | ref | 1.07 (0.62–1.83) | 1.19 (0.69–2.04) | 1.22 (0.71–2.10) | |
| Cigarette smoking (N = 237) | Crude | ref | 1.17 (0.72–1.91) | 1.02 (0.63–1.65) | 0.98 (0.58–1.66) |
| age & sex adjusted | ref | 1.27 (0.78–2.07) | 1.06 (0.66–1.71) | 1.01 (0.60–1.70) | |
[i] Q1: 0.1–2.3 mg/l, Q2: 2.4–3 mg/l, Q3: 3.1–4 mg/l and Q4: 4.1–14 mg/l.
Table 6
CVD prediction in participants’ subgroups based on hs-CRP quartiles.
| Variables | hs-CRP quartiles | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | ||||||
| Hs-CRP | Range (mg/l) | 0.1–2.3 | 2.4–3 | 3.1–4 | 4.1–14 | ||||
| Mean ± SD | 1.84 ± 0.45 | 2.72 ± 0.19 | 3.47 ± 0.29 | 5.75 ± 2 | |||||
| n | 261 | 276 | 261 | 242 | |||||
| Subgroups | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Gender | Female | Ref | 0.02 | Ref | 0.04 | Ref | 0.3 | Ref | 0.24 |
| Male | 1.52 (1.07–2.18) | 1.41 (1.00–1.98) | 1.21 (0.83–1.75) | 1.22 (0.87–1.73) | |||||
| Age | <45 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| 45–55 | 2.41 (1.41–4.12) | 0.001 | 2.39 (1.42–4.03) | 0.001 | 2.64 (1.49–4.69) | 0.001 | 2.56 (1.45–4.51) | 0.001 | |
| >55 | 4.27 (2.63–6.49) | 0.0001 | 3.41 (2.22–5.22) | 0.0001 | 3.72 (2.19–6.32) | 0.0001 | 4.18 (2.55–6.85) | 0.0001 | |
| Overweight | No | Ref | 0.73 | Ref | 0.85 | Ref | 0.44 | Ref | 0.35 |
| Yes | 1.06 (0.7–1.51) | 1.03 (0.73–1.46) | 1.15 (0.79–1.66) | 1.17 (0.83–1.65) | |||||
| Obesity | No | Ref | 0.71 | Ref | 0.39 | Ref | 0.69 | Ref | 0.91 |
| Yes | 0.92 (0.59–1.42) | 0.83 (0.55–1.26) | 1.08 (0.70–1.66) | 0.97 (0.64–1.47) | |||||
| Smoking | No | Ref | 0.09 | Ref | 0.05 | Ref | 0.01 | Ref | 0.74 |
| Yes | 1.42 (0.94–2.15) | 1.44 (0.98–2.12) | 1.6 (1.08–2.35) | 0.93 (0.61–1.42) | |||||
| Hypertension | No | Ref | 0.0001 | Ref | 0.001 | Ref | 0.0001 | Ref | 0.0001 |
| Yes | 2.69 (1.89–3.84) | 1.83 (1.30–2.57) | 2.53 (1.75–3.67) | 2.19 (1.55–3.10) | |||||
| Hypercholesterolemia | No | Ref | 0.98 | Ref | 0.06 | Ref | 0.12 | Ref | 0.0001 |
| Yes | 0.99 (0.68–1.44) | 1.44 (0.98–2.11) | 1.37 (0.91–2.05) | 1.91 (1.33–2.74) | |||||
| High LDL-C | No | Ref | 0.63 | Ref | 0.17 | Ref | 0.05 | Ref | 0.0001 |
| Yes | 0.91 (0.64–1.30) | 1.27 (0.89–1.82) | 1.44 (0.99–2.10) | 1.88 (1.33–2.66) | |||||
| Low HDL-C | No | Ref | 0.42 | Ref | 0.79 | Ref | 0.31 | Ref | 0.96 |
| Yes | 0.86 (0.60–1.23) | 1.04 (0.74–1.47) | 1.20 (0.83–1.74) | 1.00 (0.71–1.42) | |||||
| Hypertriglyceridemia | No | Ref | 0.82 | Ref | 0.001 | Ref | 0.07 | Ref | 0.0001 |
| Yes | 0.95 (0.66–1.37) | 1.93 (1.33–2.81) | 1.44 (0.95–2.18) | 2.31 (1.57–3.41) | |||||
| Dyslipidemia | No | Ref | 0.71 | Ref | 0.008 | Ref | 0.19 | Ref | 0.07 |
| Yes | 1.12 (0.58–2.15) | 3.34 (1.36–8.17) | 1.60 (0.78–3.28) | 1.66 (0.95–2.89) | |||||
| Diabetes mellitus | No | Ref | 0.01 | Ref | 0.008 | Ref | 0.03 | Ref | 0.0001 |
| Yes | 1.73 (1.13–2.66) | 1.71 (1.15–2.55) | 1.62 (1.02–2.57) | 2.31 (1.57–3.39) | |||||
| Number of CVD risk factors | 0 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| 1 | 0.98 (0.34–2.79) | 0.98 | 1.56 (0.47–5.10) | 0.46 | 2.39 (0.57–10.05) | 0.23 | 1.61 (0.64–4.08) | 0.30 | |
| 2 | 2.25 (0.81–6.23) | 0.11 | 3.17 (0.99–10.09) | 0.05 | 3.50 (0.85–14.42) | 0.08 | 2.10 (0.82–5.35) | 0.12 | |
| >2 | 3.09 (1.09–8.75) | 0.03 | 5.66 (1.73–18.50) | 0.004 | 7.47 (1.79–31.09) | 0.006 | 4.08 (1.62–10.31) | 0.003 | |
[i] SD: standard deviation, n: number, ref: reference, OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval, Hs-CRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein, mg/l: milligrams per liter, LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol.