Cardiovascular Health Equity: Time for a New Era of Science, Sociology, and Interventions

Life expectancy varies by nearly 13 y between wealthy areas and favelas^a

Infant mortality rates 5 times higher in favelas

Total socioeconomic burden: GDP 4.1%; $77 billion

700,000 excess deaths/y attributed to health inequities

19% higher odds of prevalent CVD for lower SES households

€980 billion/y excess health care spending

GDP reduction of 1.4%/y in lost labor productivity

Increased infant and under-5 mortality rates in Scheduled Caste^b

7.5-y life expectancy differential for rich vs poor

Upper Caste Indian women live 15 y longer than in Scheduled Caste

Medical poverty increased from 32.5 to 55 million from 2000–2017

The economic loss caused by lost output from premature deaths and morbidity attributable to adolescents at USD 38.01 billion is significantly high in India, equivalent to 1.30% of India’s GDP in 2021.

Premature deaths accounted for nearly one-fourth and noncommunicable diseases accounted for nearly 70% of the total economic loss in India.

Māori^c adults experienced 2 times the age-standardized amenable mortality rate of non-Māori

Health inequities between Māori and non-Māori adults cost NZ$828.8 million/y

74,000 excess deaths/y (Black or African Americans)

40% higher prevalence heart disease and 30% increased risk of stroke (rural Americans)

$320 billion/y excess health care spending

$42 billion/y labor productivity cost