Figure 1
Flowchart of study population.
Table 1
Baseline Characteristics of Participants Stratified by Cumulative CTI and Depression.
| VARIABLES | OVERALL N = 5,6421 | HIGH cumCTI WITH DEPRESSION N = 9091 | HIGH cumCTI WITHOUT DEPRESSION N = 1,9121 | LOW cumCTI WITH DEPRESSION N = 9501 | LOW cumCTI WITHOUT DEPRESSION N = 1,8711 | p-VALUE2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 71 ± 9 | 72 ± 9 | 72 ± 9 | 71 ± 8 | 72 ± 9 | 0.045 |
| Gender | <0.001 | |||||
| male | 2,574 (46%) | 292 (32%) | 917 (48%) | 367 (39%) | 998 (53%) | |
| female | 3,068 (54%) | 617 (68%) | 995 (52%) | 583 (61%) | 873 (47%) | |
| Marital status | <0.001 | |||||
| Married with spouse present | 4,711 (83%) | 718 (79%) | 1,640 (86%) | 762 (80%) | 1,591 (85%) | |
| Other | 931 (17%) | 191 (21%) | 272 (14%) | 188 (20%) | 280 (15%) | |
| Smoke | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 3,253 (58%) | 592 (65%) | 1,068 (56%) | 590 (62%) | 1,003 (54%) | |
| Yes | 2,389 (42%) | 317 (35%) | 844 (44%) | 360 (38%) | 868 (46%) | |
| Drink | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 3,667 (65%) | 654 (72%) | 1,238 (65%) | 626 (66%) | 1,149 (61%) | |
| Yes | 1,975 (35%) | 255 (28%) | 674 (35%) | 324 (34%) | 722 (39%) | |
| Night sleeping time (hours) | 6.46 ± 1.95 | 5.96 ± 2.15 | 6.77 ± 1.82 | 5.84 ± 2.07 | 6.70 ± 1.78 | <0.001 |
| Nap time (minutes) | 39 ± 46 | 38 ± 45 | 43 ± 47 | 33 ± 44 | 38 ± 46 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 4,200 (74%) | 590 (65%) | 1,313 (69%) | 769 (81%) | 1,528 (82%) | |
| Yes | 1,442 (26%) | 319 (35%) | 599 (31%) | 181 (19%) | 343 (18%) | |
| Dyslipidemia | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 5,117 (91%) | 782 (86%) | 1,670 (87%) | 895 (94%) | 1,770 (95%) | |
| Yes | 525 (9.3%) | 127 (14%) | 242 (13%) | 55 (5.8%) | 101 (5.4%) | |
| Dysglycemia | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 5,298 (94%) | 801 (88%) | 1,735 (91%) | 924 (97%) | 1,838 (98%) | |
| Yes | 344 (6.1%) | 108 (12%) | 177 (9.3%) | 26 (2.7%) | 33 (1.8%) | |
| Kidney disease | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 5,404 (96%) | 856 (94%) | 1,839 (96%) | 892 (94%) | 1,817 (97%) | |
| Yes | 238 (4.2%) | 53 (5.8%) | 73 (3.8%) | 58 (6.1%) | 54 (2.9%) | |
| Psychiatric problems | 0.022 | |||||
| No | 5,599 (99%) | 899 (99%) | 1,906 (100%) | 938 (99%) | 1,856 (99%) | |
| Yes | 43 (0.8%) | 10 (1.1%) | 6 (0.3%) | 12 (1.3%) | 15 (0.8%) | |
| Glycated Hemoglobin (%) | 5.97 ± 0.98 | 6.25 ± 1.40 | 6.20 ± 1.18 | 5.71 ± 0.50 | 5.74 ± 0.47 | <0.001 |
| Glucose (mg/dl) | 103 ± 33 | 113 ± 44 | 113 ± 42 | 92 ± 15 | 94 ± 14 | <0.001 |
| Uric Acid (mg/dl) | 4.90 ± 1.39 | 5.04 ± 1.41 | 5.25 ± 1.41 | 4.40 ± 1.22 | 4.74 ± 1.35 | <0.001 |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 185 ± 36 | 194 ± 41 | 191 ± 39 | 177 ± 32 | 179 ± 31 | <0.001 |
| LDL Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 103 ± 29 | 105 ± 30 | 104 ± 31 | 99 ± 27 | 102 ± 26 | <0.001 |
| HDL Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 52 ± 12 | 49 ± 10 | 48 ± 10 | 56 ± 13 | 55 ± 12 | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.80 ± 0.26 | 0.77 ± 0.23 | 0.81 ± 0.25 | 0.79 ± 0.39 | 0.80 ± 0.21 | <0.001 |
| cumCTI | 38.94 ± 3.04 | 41.37 ± 2.29 | 41.31 ± 2.18 | 36.44 ± 1.47 | 36.60 ± 1.42 | <0.001 |
| Total depression score | 8 ± 6 | 15 ± 5 | 4 ± 3 | 15 ± 5 | 4 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| Event of CVD | <0.001 | |||||
| No event | 4,539 (80%) | 653 (72%) | 1,526 (80%) | 739 (78%) | 1,621 (87%) | |
| Event | 1,103 (20%) | 256 (28%) | 386 (20%) | 211 (22%) | 250 (13%) |
[i] 1Mean ± SD; n (%).
2Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test; Pearson’s Chi-squared test.
cumCTI: cumulative C-reactive protein–triglyceride–glucose index, HDL: High-Density Lipoprotein, LDL: Low-Density Lipoprotein, CVD: cardiovascular disease.
Figure 2
Kaplan–Meier curves for survival probability across cumCTI-depression categories.
Table 2
Cox proportional hazards models of the joint association of cumulative CTI and depression with CVD risk.
| GROUP | MODEL 1 | MODEL 2 | MODEL 3 | MODEL 4 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95%CI) | p | HR (95%CI) | p | HR (95%CI) | p | HR (95%CI) | p | |
| Low cumCTI without depression | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Low cumCTI with depression | 1.74 (1.45–2.09) | <0.001 | 1.79 (1.49–2.15) | <0.001 | 1.75 (1.45–2.11) | <0.001 | 1.74 (1.44–2.09) | <0.001 |
| High cumCTI without depression | 1.57 (1.34–1.84) | <0.001 | 1.58 (1.35–1.85) | <0.001 | 1.56 (1.33–1.83) | <0.001 | 1.35 (1.15–1.59) | <0.001 |
| High cumCTI with depression | 2.31 (1.94–2.75) | <0.001 | 2.28 (1.91–2.72) | <0.001 | 2.21 (1.85–2.64) | <0.001 | 1.83 (1.53–2.20) | <0.001 |
[i] cumCTI: cumulative C-reactive protein–triglyceride glucose index, CVD: cardiovascular diseases, HR: hazard ratio, CI: confidence interval.
Model 1: unadjusted.
Model 2: adjusted for age, gender, and marital status.
Model 3: further adjusted for smoke, drink, night sleeping time, and nap time.
Model 4: further adjusted for hypertension, dyslipidemia, dysglycemia, kidney disease, and psychiatric problems.
Figure 3
The RCS analysis between the cumulative CTI and CVD incidence. (A) all participants; (B) participants without depression; (C) participants with depression.