Table 1
Number of patients with potential follow-up duration available based on recruitment year (administrative censoring).
| FOLLOW-UP TIME POINT | PCI GROUP (n) | CABG GROUP (n) |
|---|---|---|
| 30 days | 3,542 | 3,244 |
| 1 year | 2,686 | 2,451 |
| 2 years | 1,871 | 1,691 |
| 3 years | 1,147 | 1,038 |
[i] Abbreviations: CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention.
Table 2
Comparison of baseline characteristics between included and excluded patients, stratified by intervention group.
| VARIABLE | INCLUDED PCI (n = 3,542) | EXCLUDED PCI (n = 310) | SMD | INCLUDED CABG (n = 3,244) | EXCLUDED CABG (n = 279) | SMD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 64.2 ± 8.47 | 64.5 ± 8.60 | <0.1 | 65.14 ± 9.38 | 65.4 ± 9.10 | <0.1 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 1,982 (55.96%) | 171 (55.16%) | <0.1 | 1,981 (61.07%) | 167 (59.86%) | <0.1 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 2,465 (69.59%) | 216 (69.68%) | <0.1 | 2,106 (64.92%) | 181 (64.87%) | <0.1 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 944 (26.65%) | 84 (27.10%) | <0.1 | 834 (25.71%) | 73 (26.16%) | <0.1 |
| Heart complications, n (%) | 343 (9.68%) | 30 (9.68%) | <0.1 | 180 (5.55%) | 16 (5.73%) | <0.1 |
| Renal complications, n (%) | 217 (6.13%) | 20 (6.45%) | <0.1 | 144 (4.44%) | 13 (4.66%) | <0.1 |
| Pulmonary complications, n (%) | 455 (12.85%) | 40 (12.90%) | <0.1 | 370 (11.41%) | 32 (11.47%) | <0.1 |
| Liver complications, n (%) | 35 (0.99%) | 3 (0.97%) | <0.1 | 27 (0.83%) | 2 (0.72%) | <0.1 |
| Cerebrovascular complications, n (%) | 222 (6.27%) | 19 (6.13%) | <0.1 | 163 (5.02%) | 14 (5.02%) | <0.1 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 2,293 (64.74%) | 201 (64.84%) | <0.1 | 2,247 (69.27%) | 193 (69.18%) | <0.1 |
| Type of MI, n (%) | <0.1 | <0.1 | ||||
| STEMI | 1,245 (35.15%) | 109 (35.16%) | 1,120 (34.53%) | 95 (34.05%) | ||
| Non-STEMI | 1,310 (36.98%) | 115 (37.10%) | 995 (30.67%) | 86 (30.82%) | ||
| Other | 987 (27.87%) | 86 (27.74%) | 1,129 (34.80%) | 98 (35.13%) |
[i] Note: SMD < 0.1 is the standard threshold used.
Abbreviations: CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; MI, myocardial infarction; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; SMD, standardized mean differences; STEMI, ST-segment elevation MI.
Table 3
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of included patients undergoing PCI versus CABG.
| VARIABLE | PCI GROUP (n = 3,542) | CABG GROUP (n = 3,244) | P VALUE |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 64.2 ± 8.47 | 65.14 ± 9.38 | <0.001 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 1,982 (55.96%) | 1,981 (61.07%) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 2,465 (69.59%) | 2,106 (64.92%) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 944 (26.65%) | 834 (25.71%) | 0.393 |
| Heart complications, n (%) | 343 (9.68%) | 180 (5.55%) | <0.001 |
| Renal complications, n (%) | 217 (6.13%) | 144 (4.44%) | 0.002 |
| Pulmonary complications, n (%) | 455 (12.85%) | 370 (11.41%) | 0.076 |
| Liver complications, n (%) | 35 (0.99%) | 27 (0.83%) | 0.585 |
| Cerebrovascular complications, n (%) | 222 (6.27%) | 163 (5.02%) | 0.031 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 2,293 (64.74%) | 2,247 (69.27%) | <0.001 |
| Type of MI, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| STEMI | 1,245 (35.15%) | 1,120 (34.53%) | |
| Non-STEMI | 1,310 (36.98%) | 995 (30.67%) | |
| Other | 987 (27.87%) | 1,129 (34.80%) |
[i] Abbreviations: CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; MI, myocardial infarction; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; STEMI, ST-segment elevation MI.
Figure 1
Crude observed cumulative mortality during available follow-up in PCI and CABG groups. Abbreviations: CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention.
Figure 2
Kaplan–Meier survival curves for PCI versus CABG over three years, log-rank test, p < 0.001. Abbreviations: CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention.
Table 4
Distribution of primary causes of death among patients who died during follow-up, stratified by intervention group.
| CAUSE OF DEATH | PCI DEATHS, n (%) | CABG DEATHS, n (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Cardiovascular causes | 117 (41.3%) | 167 (46.0%) |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 45 (15.9%) | 65 (17.9%) |
| Valve disease | 30 (10.6%) | 45 (12.4%) |
| Heart failure | 25 (8.8%) | 19 (5.2%) |
| Cerebrovascular stroke | 10 (3.5%) | 10 (2.8%) |
| Chronic ischemic heart disease | 7 (2.5%) | 28 (7.7%) |
| Non-cardiovascular causes | 159 (56.2%) | 182 (50.1%) |
| Respiratory disease | 65 (23.0%) | 75 (20.7%) |
| Malignancy | 35 (12.4%) | 35 (9.6%) |
| Renal failure | 20 (7.1%) | 40 (11.0%) |
| Psychological factors/other | 24 (8.4%) | 17 (4.7%) |
| Liver failure | 15 (5.3%) | 15 (4.1%) |
| Unspecified cause of death | 7 (2.5%) | 14 (3.9%) |
| Total deaths | 283 (100.0%) | 363 (100.0%) |
[i] Note: Percentages are calculated using the total number of deaths within each intervention group as the denominator: PCI, n = 283 deaths; CABG, n = 363 deaths.
Abbreviations: CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention.
Table 5
Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis for predictors of three-year all-cause mortality.
| VARIABLE | aHR | 95% CI | p VALUE |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention/PCI* | |||
| CABG | 1.12 | 0.93–1.35 | 0.280 |
| Age | 1.04 | 1.02–1.06 | <0.001 |
| Gender/female* | |||
| Male | 1.09 | 0.88–1.30 | 0.510 |
| Current smoking status/No* | |||
| Yes | 1.15 | 0.95–1.40 | 0.150 |
| Cardiovascular comorbidities | |||
| Hypertension/no* | 1.20 | 0.98–1.48 | 0.075 |
| Diabetes mellitus/no* | 1.45 | 1.20–1.75 | 0.002 |
| History of heart complications/no* | 1.10 | 0.90–1.34 | 0.350 |
| History of renal complications/no* | 1.70 | 1.35–2.15 | <0.001 |
| Non-cardiovascular comorbidities | |||
| History of pulmonary complications/no* | 1.08 | 0.85–1.37 | 0.520 |
| History of liver complications/no* | 0.97 | 0.65–1.45 | 0.880 |
| History of cerebrovascular complications/no* | 1.13 | 0.88–1.46 | 0.330 |
| Type of myocardial infarction/others* | |||
| STEMI | 1.05 | 0.87–1.26 | 0.600 |
| Non-STEMI | 0.98 | 0.81–1.18 | 0.820 |
[i] Abbreviations: aHR, adjusted hazard ratio; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; STEMI, ST-segment elevation MI.
*Reference.