Figure 1
Flow diagram of the selection process.
Table 1
Characteristics of the included participants (n = 3020).
| TOTAL (n = 3020) | AGE 18–49 YEARS (n = 2444) | AGE ≥50 YEARS (n = 576) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FEMALE (n = 203) | MALE (n = 2241) | P VALUE | FEMALE (n = 114) | MALE (n = 462) | P VALUE | ||
| Age, mean ± SD, years | 39.29 ± 11.99 | 37.39 ± 7.44 | 34.50 ± 7.43 | <0.001 | 58.82 ± 6.58 | 58.51 ± 7.80 | 0.694 |
| 18–49, n(%), years | 2444 (80.9) | ||||||
| ≥50, n(%), years | 576 (19.1) | ||||||
| Male, n(%) | 2703 (89.5) | ||||||
| Nation, Han, n(%) | 2895 (95.9) | 193 (95.1) | 2143 (95.6) | 0.714 | 110 (96.5) | 449 (97.2) | 0.695 |
| Birthplace, n(%) | <0.001 | 0.075 | |||||
| South | 2471 (81.8) | 184 (90.6) | 1795 (80.1) | 104 (91.2) | 388 (84.0) | ||
| North | 509 (16.9) | 14 (6.9) | 418 (18.7) | 8 (7.0) | 69 (14.9) | ||
| Unknown | 40 (1.3) | 5 (2.5) | 28 (1.2) | 2 (1.8) | 5 (1.1) | ||
| Employed, n(%) | 2144 (71) | 131 (64.5) | 1754 (78.3) | <0.001 | 31 (28.2) | 228 (49.4) | <0.001* |
| Marital status, n(%) | <0.001 | <0.001* | |||||
| Married | 1163 (38.5) | 139 (68.5) | 570 (25.4) | 87 (76.3) | 367 (79.4) | ||
| Single | 1577 (52.2) | 34 (16.7) | 1514 (67.6) | 1 (0.9) | 28 (6.1) | ||
| Divorce | 203 (6.7) | 22 (10.8) | 129 (5.8) | 6 (5.3) | 46 (10.0) | ||
| Widowed | 55 (1.8) | 7 (3.4) | 9 (0.4) | 20 (17.5) | 19 (4.1) | ||
| Otherwise | 22 (0.7) | 1 (0.5) | 19 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.4) | ||
| Health insurance coverage, n(%) | 2493 (82.5) | 162 (79.8) | 1913 (85.4) | 0.034 | 72 (63.2) | 346 (74.9) | 0.012* |
| BMI, mean ± SD, kg/m2 | 21.46 ± 3.17 | 20.63 ± 2.76 | 21.51 ± 3.22 | <0.001 | 21.32 ± 3.27 | 21.65 ± 3.00 | 0.304 |
| <18.5, n(%), kg/m2 | 496 (16.4) | 51 (25.1) | 366 (16.3) | <0.001 | 21 (18.4) | 58 (12.6) | 0.197 |
| 18.5–23.9, n(%), kg/m2 | 1991 (65.9) | 133 (65.5) | 1474 (65.8) | 69 (60.5) | 315 (68.5) | ||
| ≥24, n(%), kg/m2 | 533 (17.6) | 19 (9.4) | 401 (17.9) | 24 (21.1) | 89 (19.3) | ||
| SBP, mean ± SD, mmHg | 108.96 ± 8.63 | 108.61 ± 8.03 | 109.09 ± 8.69 | 0.449 | 109.04 ± 9.30 | 108.47 ± 8.46 | 0.534 |
| <120, n(%), mmHg | 2660 (88.1) | 180 (88.7) | 1966 (87.7) | 0.695 | 99 (86.8) | 415 (89.9) | 0.357 |
| ≥120, n(%), mmHg | 360 (11.9) | 23 (11.3) | 275 (12.3) | 15 (13.2) | 47 (10.2) | ||
| Hypertension, n(%) | 208 (6.9) | 9 (4.4) | 93 (4.1) | 0.847 | 18 (15.8) | 88 (19.0) | 0.421 |
| DM, n(%) | 140 (4.6) | 3 (1.5) | 66 (2.9) | 0.227 | 15 (13.2) | 56 (12.1) | 0.763 |
| Smoking, n(%) | 424 (14) | 7 (3.4) | 333 (14.9) | <0.001 | 0 (0.0) | 84 (18.2) | <0.001* |
| Alcohol consumption, n(%) | 93 (3.1) | 1 (0.5) | 67 (3.0) | 0.038 | 0 (0.0) | 25 (5.4) | 0.011* |
| HIV-RNA≥500 copies/ml, n(%) | 1127 (37.3) | 77 (37.9) | 829 (37.0) | 0.791 | 43 (37.7) | 178 (38.5) | 0.874 |
| CD4 count <200 cells/μL, n(%) | 1269 (42) | 87 (42.9) | 926 (41.3) | 0.67 | 40 (35.1) | 216 (46.8) | 0.025* |
| CD4/CD8 ratio, mean ± SD | 0.46 ± 0.41 | 0.53 ± 0.47 | 0.44 ± 0.39 | 0.012 | 0.51 ± 0.39 | 0.48 ± 0.47 | 0.487 |
| eGFR, mean ± SD, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 105.36 ± 23.66 | 111.52 ± 18.23 | 109.81 ± 21.20 | 0.208 | 84.48 ± 24.20 | 86.20 ± 24.58 | 0.501 |
| ≥90, n(%), ml/min/1.73 m2 | 2439 (80.8) | 182 (89.7) | 1937 (86.4) | 0.196 | 61 (53.5) | 259 (56.1) | 0.623 |
| <90, n(%), ml/min/1.73 m2 | 581 (19.2) | 21 (10.3) | 604 (13.6) | 53 (46.5) | 203 (43.9) | ||
| TC, mean ± SD, mmol/L | 3.84 ± 1.08 | 4.02 ± 1.20 | 3.78 ± 1.05 | 0.006 | 4.22 ± 1.28 | 3.94 ± 1.09 | 0.016* |
| <5.2, n(%), mmol/L | 2720 (90.1) | 173 (85.2) | 2044 (91.2) | 0.005 | 95 (83.3) | 408 (88.3) | 0.152 |
| ≥5.2, n(%), mmol/L | 300 (9.9) | 30 (14.8) | 197 (8.8) | 19 (16.7) | 54 (11.7) | ||
| HDL-C, mean ± SD, mmol/L | 0.91 ± 0.33 | 1.07 ± 0.41 | 0.88 ± 0.31 | <0.001 | 1.04 ± 0.36 | 0.92 ± 0.33 | <0.001* |
| >1, n(%), mmol/L | 1107 (36.7) | 108 (53.2) | 769 (34.3) | <0.001 | 57 (50.0) | 173 (37.4) | 0.014* |
| ≤1, n(%), mmol/L | 1913 (63.3) | 95 (46.8) | 1472 (65.7) | 57 (50.0) | 289 (62.6) | ||
| LDL-C, mean ± SD, mmol/L | 2.31 ± 0.81 | 2.34 ± 0.86 | 2.29 ± 0.79 | 0.432 | 2.49 ± 0.95 | 2.37 ± 0.82 | 0.180 |
| <3.4, n(%), mmol/L | 2771 (91.8) | 181 (89.2) | 2072 (92.5) | 0.094 | 101 (88.6) | 417 (90.3) | 0.597 |
| ≥3.4, n(%), mmol/L | 249 (8.2) | 22 (10.8) | 169 (7.5) | 13 (11.4) | 45 (9.7) | ||
| TG, mean ± SD, mmol/L | 1.67 ± 1.12 | 1.66 ± 1.10 | 1.67 ± 1.11 | 0.901 | 1.73 ± 1.11 | 1.67 ± 1.18 | 0.633 |
| <1.7, n(%), mmol/L | 2003 (66.3) | 135 (66.5) | 1492 (66.6) | 0.983 | 72 (63.2) | 304 (65.8) | 0.596 |
| ≥1.7, n(%), mmol/L | 1017 (33.7) | 68 (33.5) | 749 (33.4) | 42 (36.8) | 158 (34.2) | ||
| Any form of dyslipidemia, n(%) | 2312 (76.6) | 138 (68.0) | 1730 (77.2) | 0.003 | 81 (71.1) | 363 (78.6) | 0.087 |
| CRP, median (IQR), mg/L | 5.94 (24.16) | 3.66 (16.42) | 5.60 (24.15) | 0.004 | 6.75 (24.46) | 9.82 (32.32) | 0.028* |
| D-dimer, median (IQR), mg/L | 0.65 (0.25, 1.18) | 0.83 (0.9) | 0.57 (0.94) | 0.034 | 1.15 (0.85) | 1.11 (0.85) | 0.647 |
| PCE score, mean ± SD, % | 2.27 ± 4.26 | 0.90 ± 1.58 | 0.98 ± 1.50 | 0.46 | 3.58 ± 2.97 | 8.79 ± 7.26 | <0.001* |
| <5%, n(%) | 2647 (87.6) | 199 (98.0) | 2186 (97.5) | 0.365 | 87 (76.3) | 175 (37.9) | <0.001* |
| 5–7.4%, n(%) | 139 (4.6) | 1 (0.5) | 38 (1.7) | 16 (14.0) | 84 (18.2) | ||
| 7.5–19.9%, n(%) | 202 (6.7) | 3 (1.5) | 16 (0.7) | 11 (9.6) | 172 (37.2) | ||
| ≥20%, n(%) | 32 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (<0.01) | 0 (0.0) | 31 (6.7) | ||
[i] Abbreviation: BMI: body mass index, CRP: C-reactive protein, DM: diabetes mellitus, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate, HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, IQR: interquartile ranges, LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, PCE: the pooled cohort equation, SBP: systolic blood pressure, SD: standard deviation, TC: total cholesterol, TG: triglyceride.
*P < 0.05.
Table 2
Factors associated with a high cardiovascular disease risk in multivariable logistic regression model.
| FACTOR | ODD RATIO | 95% CI | P VALUE |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age ≥50 years | 31.39 | (18.21–54.11) | <0.001* |
| Male | 9.78 | (5.10–18.74) | <0.001* |
| Birthplace South | 0.93 | (0.56–1.54) | 0.780 |
| Employed | 0.29 | (0.20–0.43) | <0.001* |
| Single (compared to married) | 0.24 | (0.12–0.49) | <0.001* |
| Health insurance coverage | 0.88 | (0.58–1.33) | 0.534 |
| Alcohol consumption | 6.05 | (2.59–14.11) | <0.001* |
| Overweight/Obesity | 1.04 | (0.65–1.64) | 0.884 |
| HIV-RNA≥500 copies/ml | 1.74 | (1.14–2.65) | 0.011* |
| CD4 count <200 cells/μL | 0.82 | (0.54–1.24) | 0.336 |
| Decline eGFR | 2.41 | (1.66–3.50) | <0.001* |
| High LDL-C | 1.73 | (0.96–3.11) | 0.069 |
| High TG | 1.56 | (1.07–2.28) | 0.021* |
| CRP | 1.00 | (1.00–1.01) | 0.505 |
| D-DIC | 0.98 | (0.88–1.08) | 0.627 |
[i] Abbreviation: CRP: C-reactive protein, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate, LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG: triglyceride.
*P < 0.05.
Table 3
Sex differences of the adjusted predicted probability in CVD risk factors.
| FEMALE (%) | MALE (%) | PREVALENCE DIFFERENCE (%) | P VALUE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age 18–49 years (n = 2444) | ||||
| High CVD risk | 1.6 (–0.3–3.5) | 0.8 (0.4–1.1) | –0.9 | 0.372 |
| High TC | 13.6 (8.8–18.4) | 8.9 (7.7–10.0) | –4.8 | 0.060 |
| Low HDL-C | 48.5 (41.9–55.1) | 65.5 (63.7–67.4) | 17.0 | <0.001* |
| High LDL-C | 10.8 (6.3–15.3) | 7.5 (6.5–8.6) | –3.2 | 0.175 |
| High TG | 31.8 (25.4–38.3) | 33.6 (31.7–35.5) | 1.7 | 0.613 |
| Overweight/obesity | 11.2 (6.5–15.8) | 17.7 (16.2–19.2) | 6.5 | 0.010* |
| DM | 1.2 (–0.2–2.6) | 3.0 (2.3–3.7) | 1.8 | 0.026* |
| SBP elevated | 13.1 (7.9–18.3) | 12.1 (10.8–13.5) | –1.0 | 0.728 |
| Declined eGFR | 8.4 (4.9–11.9) | 13.8 (12.4–15.2) | 5.4 | 0.005* |
| HIV-RNA≥500 copies/ml | 35.8 (30.1–41.5) | 37.2 (35.5–38.8) | 1.4 | 0.649 |
| CD4 count <200 cells/μL | 40.5 (34.4–46.5) | 41.5 (39.8–43.3) | 1.1 | 0.736 |
| Age ≥50 years (n = 576) | ||||
| High CVD risk | 11.6 (7.6–15.7) | 44.7 (41.6–47.8) | 33.1 | <0.001* |
| High TC | 15.2 (8.6–21.8) | 12.0 (9.1–15.0) | –3.1 | 0.411 |
| Low HDL-C | 55.7 (46.6–64.8) | 61.0 (56.7–65.3) | 5.3 | 0.314 |
| High LDL-C | 12.1 (5.6–18.5) | 9.6 (7.0–12.3) | –2.4 | 0.502 |
| High TG | 38.2 (28.9–47.5) | 33.6 (29.3–37.8) | –4.6 | 0.388 |
| Overweight/obesity | 23.0 (14.8–31.2) | 18.9 (15.4–22.4) | –4.1 | 0.377 |
| DM | 12.3 (6.1–18.4) | 12.4 (9.4–15.4) | 0.1 | 0.968 |
| SBP elevated | 14.9 (7.6–22.2) | 9.9 (7.2–12.6) | –5.0 | 0.216 |
| Declined eGFR | 45.7 (36.5–54.9) | 44.1 (39.8–48.4) | –1.5 | 0.772 |
| HIV-RNA≥500 copies/ml | 41.8 (34.2–49.5) | 37.5 (33.9–41.1) | –4.3 | 0.328 |
| CD4 count <200 cells/μL | 35.5 (27.5–43.6) | 46.8 (42.8–50.9) | 11.3 | 0.016* |
[i] Abbreviation: DM: diabetes mellitus, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate, HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, SBP: systolic blood pressure, TC: total cholesterol, TG: triglyceride.
This model was adjusted for sociodemographic variables (age, birthplace, employment status, marital status, and health insurance coverage) and physiological and behavioral variables (smoking and alcohol consumption).
*P < 0.05.
Figure 2
Prevalence of high cardiovascular disease risk among people living with HIV across age groups, stratified by sex.