Table 1
Characteristics of 959 participants with and without HIV.
| PWH (N = 483) MEDIAN [25–75 PERCENTILES]/N (%) | PWOH (N = 476) MEDIAN [25–75 PERCENTILES]/N (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| Age in years | 46 [39–50] | 43 [36–50] |
| Female sex | 340 (70.4) | 329 (69.1) |
| Education level | ||
| Primary school or less | 411 (85.1) | 363 (76.3) |
| Complete secondary school | 59 (12.2) | 90 (18.9) |
| University/college | 13 (2.7) | 23 (4.8) |
| Low income (<1.90 USD/day) | 355 (73.5) | 344 (72.3) |
| Mode of transport | ||
| Private vehicle | 70 (14.5) | 57 (12.0) |
| Public transport | 251 (52.0) | 241 (50.6) |
| Walking/cycling | 162 (33.5) | 178 (37.4) |
| Manual labor | 156 (32.3) | 154 (32.4) |
| Current tobacco use | 20 (4.1) | 35 (7.4) |
| Current alcohol use | 149 (30.8) | 138 (29.0) |
| Hypertension | 248 (51.3) | 250 (52.5) |
| On hypertension medication* | 9 (1.9) | 14 (2.9) |
| LVMI (g/m2) (mean (SD)) | 65.9 [55.0–79.6] | 65.4 [54.8–78.4] |
| BMI | ||
| Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) | 57 (11.8) | 65 (13.7) |
| Normal (18.5–24.9 kg/m2) | 273 (56.5) | 245 (51.5) |
| Overweight/Obese (≥25 kg/m2) | 153 (31.7) | 166 (34.9) |
| Diabetes | 9 (1.8) | 4 (0.8) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 83.4 [75.6–93.6] | 83.8 [76.5–94.1] |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 13.3 [11.6–14.8] | 13.7 [12.5–15.0] |
| Chronic kidney disease | 31 (6.4) | 5 (1.1) |
| CD4+ T-cell count (cells/mm3)*** | 717 [539–953.5] | N/A |
[i] *All participants on hypertension medication were on hydrochlorothiazide monotherapy. **Defined according to eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2. ***N/A = not applicable.
Table 2
Office, awake, and asleep blood pressure and blood pressure dipping for participants with and without HIV.
| PWH (N = 483) MEAN (SD) | PWOH (N = 476) MEAN (SD) | ADJUSTED DIFFERENCE [95% CI] | p-VALUE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BP parameters from office and ambulatory BP measurements | ||||
| Office systolic BP, mmHg | 113 (16.2) | 116 (16.2) | –2.8 [–4.8, –0.9] | 0.005 |
| Office diastolic BP, mmHg | 69 (12.1) | 71 (11.2) | –1.7 [–3.1, –0.2] | 0.022 |
| Awake mean systolic BP, mmHg | 122 (12.1) | 124 (12.4) | –1.6 [–3.1, –0.1] | 0.039 |
| Awake mean diastolic BP, mmHg | 80 (10.0) | 82 (9.4) | –0.9 [–2.1, 0.2] | 0.118 |
| Asleep mean systolic BP, mmHg | 114 (12.6) | 114 (12.4) | –0.2 [–1.8, 1.4] | 0.805 |
| Asleep mean diastolic BP, mmHg | 70.7 (9.6) | 70.5 (9.5) | 0.2 [–1.0, 1.4] | 0.781 |
| 24-h mean systolic BP, mmHg | 119 (11.9) | 120 (11.9) | –0.6 [1.8, 0.5] | 0.270 |
| 24-h mean diastolic BP, mmHg | 77 (9.5) | 78 (9.0) | 0.2 [–1.0, 1.4] | 0.781 |
| Nocturnal dipping: systolic BP (%) | –6.4 (5.6) | –7.5 (5.6) | 1.0 [0.3, 1.7] | 0.005 |
| Nocturnal dipping: diastolic BP (%) | –11.7 (6.9) | –13.5 (7.1) | 1.3 [0.4, 2.2] | 0.005 |
| PWH (N = 483) MEAN (SD) | PWOH (N = 476) MEAN (SD) | UNADJUSTED DIFFERENCE [95% CI] | p-VALUE | |
| Within-participant differences between ambulatory and office BP measurements | ||||
| Awake mean systolic BP minus office BP difference, mmHg | 8.3 (9.5) | 7.4 (10.1) | 0.9 [–0.4, 2.1] | 0.167 |
| Awake mean diastolic BP minus office BP difference, mmHg | 11.2 (7.3) | 10.2 (6.6) | 0.9 [0.1, 1.8] | 0.04 |
| Asleep mean systolic BP vs. office BP difference, mmHg | 0.4 (11.1) | –2.0 (11.7) | 2.4 [1.0, 3.9] | 0.001 |
| Asleep mean diastolic BP vs. office BP difference, mmHg | 1.7 (8.3) | –0.9 (7.9) | 2.6 [1.5, 3.6] | <0.001 |
[i] This table displays the relationship between BP parameters and HIV status both with raw averages and differences for BP parameters. The differences in the upper portion of the table are adjusted for age, sex, BMI, tobacco use, alcohol use, taking antihypertensives, and hemoglobin. We report unadjusted results for within-participant differences (bottom portion) because we do not expect any bias due to covariates. *SD = Standard deviation.
Figure 1
Average systolic (top) and diastolic (bottom) ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in PWoH (left) and PWH (right).
Background lines display each participant’s ABPM trajectory, with the darker shade denoting their measurements while awake and the lighter shade denoting measurements while asleep. Individual trajectories are smoothed using a centered three-point moving average. The solid line overlaid represents the average time series across participants (calculated by taking the average ABPM at each time point between approximately 10 AM on the first day of data collection and 8 AM on the following day), and the horizontal dotted line represents the average office systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements.
Figure 2
Systolic and diastolic non-dipping for PWH and PWoH, stratified by hypertension status.
** Indicates p-values less than 0.01.
Figure 3
Adjusted difference in LVMI in g/m2 for higher awake and asleep blood pressure for people with and without HIV and with and without hypertension.
Adj Coeff = regression coefficient for each ABPM parameter in models adjusted for office systolic blood pressure and traditional CVD risk factors including age, sex, BMI, education, tobacco use, alcohol use, and antihypertensive medication use. Among people with HIV and hypertension, a 10 mmHg increase in mean asleep systolic blood pressure was associated with a 3.5 g/m2 increase in LVMI.