Table 1
Baseline characteristics of survey respondents.
| BASELINE CHARACTERISTIC | NUMBER | PERCENTAGE |
|---|---|---|
| Age (Mean ± SD) | 41.68 ± 16.19 | |
| Female | 379 | 60.1 |
| Education* | ||
| No education | 91 | 14.4 |
| Primary | 191 | 30.3 |
| Intermediate | 108 | 17.1 |
| High school | 116 | 18.4 |
| Bachelor | 114 | 18.1 |
| Master degree | 7 | 1.1 |
| PhD | 3 | 0.5 |
[i] *One patient had missing data regarding the education level.
Figure 1
Awareness and insights of respondents towards clinical trials. Participants’ awareness of the term ‘clinical trial’ and prior experience with clinical trial participation, illustrating the proportion of participants who had previously heard of the term and those who had ever participated in a clinical trial. Insights regarding clinical trials and future willingness to participate also were reported.
Figure 2
Motivators for participation in clinical trials. Self-reported motivators to participate in clinical trials reported mainly as help in advancing science and helping other patients.
Figure 3
Barriers for participation in clinical trials. Self-reported barriers for participating in clinical trials are safety concerns and family commitments.
Figure 4
Willingness to participate in clinical trials according to respondents’ characteristics. Univariate analysis showed that main determinants of willingness to participate in future clinical trials are education and awareness of the term ‘clinical trials.’
Figure 5
Willingness to participate in clinical trials according to prior trial participation and respondents concerns.
Table 2
Multivariable logistic regression for willingness to participate in clinical trials*.
| PREDICTOR | ADJUSTED OR [EXP(B)] | 95% CI | P-VALUE |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age > = 50 Years | 0.776 | 0.475–1.266 | 0.310 |
| Female (vs. male) | 1.389 | 0.883–2.184 | 0.155 |
| Higher education (college/postgraduate vs. below college) | 2.057 | 1.150–3.682 | 0.015 |
| Aware of the term ‘clinical trial’ (Yes vs. No) | 0.923 | 0.432–1.975 | 0.837 |
| Prior clinical trial participation (Yes vs. No) | 0.733 | 0.082–6.558 | 0.781 |
| Has concerns regarding clinical trials (Yes vs. No/Don’t know) | 0.417 | 0.266–0.656 | <0.001 |
| Willing to participate in procedural trials (Yes vs. No/Don’t know) | 5.104 | 3.079–8.459 | <0.001 |
| Willing to participate in educational/telemedicine/digital trials (Yes vs. No/Don’t know) | 5.104 | 2.898–8.989 | <0.001 |
| Willing if drug safety is confirmed (Yes vs. No/Don’t know) | 12.386 | 5.279–29.060 | <0.001 |
| Willing if drug safety is unknown (Yes vs. No/Don’t know) | 2.686 | 1.024–7.045 | 0.045 |
[i] *Model performance: χ²(10) = 334.282, p < 0.001; Nagelkerke R² = 0.562; overall classification accuracy = 79.2%.
Figure 6
Patient-centered strategies and expected benefits to improve clinical trial participation in LMICs: improving patient-centered trial recruitment strategies in LMICs can enhance the generalizability, equity, and real-world relevance of clinical research evidence.