References
- Vecchie A, et al. Obesity phenotypes and their paradoxical association with cardiovascular diseases. European Journal of Internal Medicine. 2018;48:6–17. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2017.10.020
- Caleyachetty R, et al. Metabolically healthy obese and incident cardiovascular disease events among 3.5 million men and women. Journal of American College of Cardiology. 2017;70:1429–1437. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.07.763
- Asif M. Obesity: A profoundly under recognized chronic disease; and its impacts on cardiovascular disease. South Dakota Medicine. 2024;77:378–379.
- Mensah GA, et al. Decline in cardiovascular mortality: Possible causes and implications. Circulation Research. 2017;120:366–380. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.309115
- Ward ZJ, et al. Projected U.S. state-level prevalence of adult obesity and severe obesity. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2019;381:2440–2450. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMsa1909301
- Thomas F, Pannier B, Benetos A, Vischer UM. Visceral obesity is not an independent risk factor of mortality in subjects over 65 years. Vascular Health and Risk Management. 2013;9:739–745. DOI: 10.2147/VHRM.S49922
- Dhondge RH, Agrawal S, Patil R, Kadu A, Kothari M. A Comprehensive review of metabolic syndrome and its role in cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Mechanisms, risk factors, and management. Cureus. 2024;16:
e67428 . DOI: 10.7759/cureus.67428 - Fan J, Song Y, Chen Y, Hui R, Zhang W. Combined effect of obesity and cardio-metabolic abnormality on the risk of cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. International Journal of Cardiology. 2013;168:4761–4768. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.07.230
- Britton KA, et al. Body fat distribution, incident cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all-cause mortality. Journal of American College of Cardiology. 2013;62:921–925. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.06.027
- Lam BC, Koh GC, Chen C, Wong MT, Fallows SJ. Comparison of body mass index (BMI), body adiposity index (BAI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) as predictors of cardiovascular disease risk factors in an adult population in Singapore. PLoS One. 2015;10:
e0122985 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122985 - Coutinho T, et al. Central obesity and survival in subjects with coronary artery disease: A systematic review of the literature and collaborative analysis with individual subject data. Journal of American College of Cardiology. 2011;57:1877–1886. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.11.058
- Lofgren I, et al. Waist circumference is a better predictor than body mass index of coronary heart disease risk in overweight premenopausal women. The Journal of Nutrition. 2004;134:1071–1076. DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.5.1071
- Boyko EJ. Observational research—opportunities and limitations. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications. 2013;27:642–648. DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2013.07.007
- Gaglioti AH, Rivers D, Ringel JB, Judd S, Safford MM. Individual and neighborhood influences on the relationship between waist circumference and coronary heart disease in the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke Study. Preventing Chronic Diseases. 2022;19:
E20 . DOI: 10.5888/pcd19.210195 - Chen Q, et al. Waist circumference increases risk of coronary heart disease: Evidence from a Mendelian randomization study. Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine. 2020;8:
e1186 . DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1186 - Ye Q, Gagliano Taliun SA. Genetically predicted waist-to-hip circumference ratio and coronary artery disease: A sex-specific Mendelian randomization study. HGG Advances. 2023;4:100230. DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2023.100230
- Nikpay M, et al. A comprehensive 1,000 Genomes-based genome-wide association meta-analysis of coronary artery disease. Nature Genetics. 2015;47:1121–1130. DOI: 10.1038/ng.3396
- Hemani G, et al. The MR-Base platform supports systematic causal inference across the human phenome. Elife. 2018;7. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.34408
- Sigit FS, Tahapary DL, Riyadina W, Djokosujono K. Sex disparities in the associations of overall versus abdominal obesity with the 10-year cardiovascular disease risk: Evidence from the Indonesian National Health Survey. PLoS One. 2024;19:
e0307944 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307944 - Sato M, et al. Coexistence of high visceral fat area and sarcopenia is associated with atherosclerotic markers in old-old patients with diabetes: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Diabetes Investigation. 2024;15:1510–1518. DOI: 10.1111/jdi.14274
- Machi JF, et al. Endothelial c-Myc knockout disrupts metabolic homeostasis and triggers the development of obesity. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 2024;12:1407097. DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1407097
- Davis S. Visceral fat accumulation and cardiovascular disease risk profile. Climacteric. 2011;14:599–600.
- Kumar S, et al. Evaluating personalized add-on ayurveda therapy in oxygen-dependent diabetic COVID-19 patients: A 60-day study of symptoms, inflammation, and radiological changes. Cureus. 2024;16:
e68392 . DOI: 10.7759/cureus.68392 - Mitsis A, et al. Chemerin in the spotlight: Revealing its multifaceted role in acute myocardial infarction. Biomedicines. 2024;12. DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12092133
- Zoccali C, et al. Decoy receptors as biomarkers for exploring aetiology and designing new therapies. Clinical Kidney Journal. 2024;17:sfae222. DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfae222
- Mirabelli M, et al. Hypoxia in human obesity: New insights from inflammation towards insulin resistance: A narrative review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024;25. DOI: 10.3390/ijms25189802
- Shi K, Jing B, Feng Y, Yu Y. Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge total saponins lower lipid via modulating MAOA activity to enhance defense mechanisms in mice and C. elegans. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2024;337:118814. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118814
- Ahmed B, Farb MG, Gokce N. Cardiometabolic implications of adipose tissue aging. Obesity Reviews. 2024;25:
e13806 . DOI: 10.1111/obr.13806 - Liu Y, et al. Relationship of high-density lipoprotein subfractions and apolipoprotein A-I with fat in the pancreas. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2024;27(1):123–133. DOI: 10.1111/dom.15990
- Zusi C, et al. Interactions of the osteokines, glucose/insulin system and vascular risk networks in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (VNDS 15). Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews. 2024;40:
e3847 . DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3847 - Sarkar S, et al. The onset and the development of cardiometabolic aging: An insight into the underlying mechanisms. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2024;15:1447890. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1447890
- Liu CS, et al. Central obesity and atherogenic dyslipidemia in metabolic syndrome are associated with increased risk for colorectal adenoma in a Chinese population. BMC Gastroenterology. 2010;10:51. DOI: 10.1186/1471-230X-10-51
- Carvalho MO, Duque AP, Huguenin GVB, Felix Mediano MF, Rodrigues Junior LF. Increased cardiometabolic risk in dynapenic obesity: Results from the Study of Workers’ Health (ESAT). Life (Basel). 2024;14. DOI: 10.3390/life14091174
- Loh NY, et al. Bidirectional Mendelian randomization highlights causal relationships between circulating INHBC and multiple cardiometabolic diseases and traits. Diabetes. 2024;73(12):2084–2094. DOI: 10.2337/db24-0168
- Ladwig KH, et al. Recurrent depression predicts high leptin concentrations in patients with coronary artery disease over an 18-months follow-up period: Findings from the prospective multicenter randomized controlled SPIRR-CAD Trial. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2024;369:174–181. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.09.146
- Hansen N, et al. Adipokines are possible risk markers for aortic stenosis requiring surgery. Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal. 2023;57:2247193. DOI: 10.1080/14017431.2023.2247193
- Dinca VG, et al. Adiponectin – stratification biomarker in diastolic cardiac dysfunction. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry. 2023;38:2171030. DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2171030
- Puurunen VP, et al. High plasma leptin levels are associated with impaired diastolic function in patients with coronary artery disease. Peptides. 2016;84:17–21. DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.08.002
- Omar A, Chatterjee TK, Tang Y, Hui DY, Weintraub NL. Proinflammatory phenotype of perivascular adipocytes. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2014;34:1631–1636. DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.114.303030
- Chatterjee TK, et al. Proinflammatory phenotype of perivascular adipocytes: Influence of high-fat feeding. Circulation Research. 2009;104:541–549. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.108.182998
- Min X, et al. FTO rs1121980 polymorphism contributes to coronary artery disease susceptibility in a Chinese Han population. Lipids in Health and Disease. 2025;24:1. DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02417-1
- Kilpelainen TO, et al. Genetic variation near IRS1 associates with reduced adiposity and an impaired metabolic profile. Nature Genetics. 2011;43:753–760. DOI: 10.1038/ng.866
- Nikpay M, Turner AW, McPherson R. Partitioning the pleiotropy between coronary artery disease and body mass index reveals the importance of low frequency variants and central nervous system-specific functional elements. Circulation: Genomic and Precision Medicine. 2018;11:
e002050 . DOI: 10.1161/CIRCGEN.117.002050 - Blauw LL, et al. Common genetic variation in MC4R does not affect atherosclerotic plaque phenotypes and cardiovascular disease outcomes. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021;10. DOI: 10.3390/jcm10050932
- Huang H, et al. Implication of genetic variants near TMEM18, BCDIN3D/FAIM2, and MC4R with coronary artery disease and obesity in Chinese: A angiography-based study. Molecular Biology Reports. 2012;39:1739–1744. DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0914-z