Table 1
Demographic, clinical characteristics, and cardiac CT findings in the Early Structural Cardiovascular Disease, HIV, and Tuberculosis in East Africa (ASANTE) study. p-values for comparisons between persons with HIV (PWH) and HIV-uninfected control participants are derived using two-sample t-tests (means) or Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon tests (medians), Fisher’s exact tests, and Chi-squared tests for continuous, binary, and categorical variables, respectively.
| OVERALL N = 105 | PWH N = 63 | CONTROL N = 42 | p (PWH vs. CONTROL) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DEMOGRAPHIC & CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS | ||||
| Age, years (mean ± SD) | 57 ± 7.2 | 56.1 ± 6.4 | 59 ± 8.1 | 0.092 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 55 (52) | 36 (57) | 19 (45) | 0.24 |
| Mean 10-year ASCVD risk score, %§ | 11.8% | 9.7% | 15.8% | 0.040* |
| ASCVD risk group, n (%) | 0.13 | |||
| Low (<5%) | 30 (29) | 21 (33) | 9 (21) | |
| Borderline (5–7.5%) | 14 (13) | 12 (19) | 2 (5) | |
| Intermediate (7.5–10%) | 15 (14) | 10 (16) | 5 (12) | |
| High (>10%) | 33 (31) | 17 (27) | 16 (38) | |
| Uncategorized (predictor values out of range) | 13 (12) | 3 (5) | 10 (24) | |
| Past medical history, n (%) | ||||
| Diabetes | 40 (38) | 13 (21) | 27 (64) | <0.0001* |
| Hypertension | 70 (67) | 41 (65) | 29 (69) | 0.83 |
| On antihypertensive treatment | 61 (58) | 34 (54) | 27 (64) | 0.32 |
| Dyslipidemia | 49 (47) | 25 (40) | 24 (57) | 0.07 |
| On statin therapy | 11 (10) | 2 (3) | 9 (21) | 0.007* |
| Current smoker | 10 (10) | 8 (13) | 2 (5) | 0.31 |
| Time since HIV diagnosis, years (median [1st, 3rd quartile]) | — | 15.8 (11, 20) | — | — |
| Body mass index, n (%) | 0.67 | |||
| Normal | 24 (23) | 16 (25) | 8 (19) | |
| Overweight | 34 (32) | 21 (33) | 13 (31) | |
| Obese | 44 (42) | 25 (40) | 19 (45) | |
| Underweight | 3 (3) | 1 (2) | 2 (5) | |
| Waist-to-hip ratio (mean ± SD) | 0.93 ± 0.06 | 0.93 ± 0.06 | 0.93 ± 0.06 | 0.48 |
| Abdominal obesity, n (%)† | 92 (89) | 58 (92) | 34 (81) | 0.13 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg (mean ± SD) | 140 ± 22 | 139 ± 20 | 142 ± 25 | 0.42 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg (mean ± SD) | 85 ± 13 | 86 ± 12 | 84 ± 14 | 0.58 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL (mean ± SD) | 183 ± 45 | 186 ± 35 | 177 ± 55 | 0.35 |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL (mean ± SD) | 103 ± 41 | 109 ± 37 | 95 ± 45 | 0.10 |
| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL (mean ± SD) | 46 ± 19 | 42 ± 10 | 52 ± 26 | 0.031* |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 (mean ± SD) | 79 ± 17 | 78 ± 16 | 81 ± 18 | 0.34 |
| NON-CONTRAST CARDIAC CT OUTCOMES | ||||
| Coronary artery calcium Agatston score >0, n (%) | 19 (18) | 10 (10) | 9 (21) | 0.61 |
| Agatston score (mean ± SD) | 6.6 ± 23 | 2.9 ± 12 | 12 ± 33 | 0.086 |
| Agatston score (median [1st, 3rd quartile]) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.34 |
[i] §ACC/AHA Pooled Cohort Equations.
†Abdominal obesity defined as waist-to-hip ratio ≥0.85 for females and ≥0.9 for males.
Figure 1
CAC stratified by age, HIV status, and geographic location. (A) Prevalence of coronary artery calcium (CAC) among persons with HIV (PWH) and HIV-uninfected control participants, stratified by age, in the Early Structural Cardiovascular Disease, HIV, and Tuberculosis in East Africa (ASANTE) study in Kenya. (B) Sample sizes and prevalence of coronary artery calcium (CAC) score >0, stratified by mean estimated 10-year ASCVD risk (ACC/AHA Pooled Cohort Equations) across published cohorts.
| ASANTE | Early Structural Cardiovascular Disease, HIV, and Tuberculosis in East Africa |
| ASCVD | Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease |
| CAC | Coronary artery calcium |
| CAD | Epidemiology of Coronary Artery Disease among People with HIV in Uganda Study |
| HDL-C | High-density lipoprotein cholesterol |
| LDL-C | Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol |
| mUTIMA | Ugandan Study of HIV Effects on the Myocardium and Atherosclerosis |
| PCEs | Pooled Cohort Equations |
| PWH | Persons with HIV |
| SoCal | Southern California |
| USA | United States of America |