References
- 1Townsend N, Kazakiewicz D, Lucy Wright F, Timmis A, Huculeci R, Torbica A, et al. Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in Europe. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2022;19(2):133–143. DOI: 10.1038/s41569-021-00607-3
- 2Keykhaei M, Ashraf H, Rashedi S, Farrokhpour H, Heidari B, Zokaei S, et al. Differences in the 2020 ESC versus 2015 ESC and 2014 ACC/AHA guidelines on the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2021;23(12):77. DOI: 10.1007/s11883-021-00976-7
- 3Mensah GA, Fuster V, Murray CJ, Roth GA. Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risks Collaborators. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risks, 1990–2022. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;82(25):2350–2473. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.11.007
- 4Woodruff RC, Tong X, Khan SS, Shah NS, Jackson SL, Loustalot F, et al. Trends in cardiovascular disease mortality rates and excess deaths, 2010–2022. Am J Prev Med. 2024;66(4):582–589. DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2023.11.009
- 5Alhabib KF, Batais MA, Almigbal TH, Alshamiri MQ, Altaradi H, Rangarajan S, et al. Demographic, behavioral, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in the Saudi population: Results from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology study (PURE-Saudi). BMC Public Health. 2020;20:1–4. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09298-w
- 6Alhabib KF, Kinsara AJ, Alghamdi S, Al-Murayeh M, Hussein GA, AlSaif S, et al. The first survey of the Saudi Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry Program: Main results and long-term outcomes (STARS-1 Program). PloS One. 2019;14(5):
e0216551 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216551 - 7Alfasfos N, Darawad MW, Nofal B, Samarkandi OA, Abdulqader B. Knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and perceived risk of acute coronary syndrome among Jordanian patients. Health. 2016;8(15):1830–1844. DOI: 10.4236/health.2016.815175
- 8Noureddine S, Dumit NY, Maatouk H. Patients’ knowledge and attitudes about myocardial infarction. Nurs Health Sci. 2020;22(1):49–56. DOI: 10.1111/nhs.12642
- 9Fang J. Awareness of heart attack symptoms and response among adults—United States, 2008, 2014, and 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68(5):101–106. DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6805a2
- 10Krupp KF. Heart disease and its risk factors among slum-dwelling women in Mysore, India [Doctoral dissertation]. Miami: Florida International University; 2019.
- 11Lichtman JH, Leifheit-Limson EC, Watanabe E, Allen NB, Garavalia B, Garavalia LS, et al. Symptom recognition and healthcare experiences of young women with acute myocardial infarction. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2015;8(2 Suppl 1):S31–S38. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.114.001612
- 12Serafi A, Alotibi F, Bamerdah S, Dahlawi M, Batarfi R, Tariq S. Awareness of heart attack symptoms and action toward it among general population in Saudi Arabia: A cross sectional study. Br J Med Health Res. 2022;9:1–3. DOI: 10.46624/bjmhr
- 13Alkalash SH, Alfaqih AH, Alsohabi ER, Al-Faqih AH, Al-Hayli AA, Almahmudi KH, et al. Public knowledge and attitude regarding symptoms of acute coronary syndrome and its related risk factors in western region, Saudi Arabia. Cureus. 2024;16(6):
e63001 . DOI: 10.7759/cureus.63001 - 14Abdo Ahmed AA, Mohammed Al-Shami A, Jamshed S, Fata Nahas AR, Mohamed Ibrahim MI. Public awareness of and action towards heart attack symptoms: An exploratory study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(23):8982. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17238982
- 15Kim HS, Lee H, Kim K, Park HK, Park KS, Kang GW, et al. The general public’s awareness of early symptoms of and emergency responses to acute myocardial infarction and related factors in South Korea: A national public telephone survey. J Epidemiol. 2016;26(5):233–241. DOI: 10.2188/jea.JE20150074
- 16Greenlund KJ, Keenan NL, Giles WH, Zheng ZJ, Neff LJ, Croft JB, et al. Public recognition of major signs and symptoms of heart attack: Seventeen states and the US Virgin Islands, 2001. Am Heart J. 2004;147(6):1010–1016. DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2003.12.036
- 17O’Brien F, O’Donnell S, McKee G, Mooney M, Moser D. Knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about acute coronary syndrome in patients diagnosed with ACS: An Irish cross-sectional study. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2013;12(2):201–208. DOI: 10.1177/1474515112446544
- 18Cytryn KN, Yoskowitz NA, Cimino JJ, Patel VL. Lay public’s knowledge and decisions in response to symptoms of acute myocardial infarction. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2009;14:43–59. DOI: 10.1007/s10459-007-9085-z
- 19Thuresson M, Jarlöv MB, Lindahl B, Svensson L, Zedigh C, Herlitz J. Thoughts, actions, and factors associated with prehospital delay in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Heart Lung. 2007;36(6):398–409. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2007.02.001
- 20Al Harbi KM, Alluhidan WA, Almatroudi MI, Almuhanna NI, Alotaibi NM. Knowledge and attitude of general people towards symptoms of heart attack and the impact of delay time in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Cureus. 2022;14(12):
e32758 . DOI: 10.7759/cureus.32758 - 21Alwakeel AA, Alshehri RA, Alshehri RA, Merghani T. Evaluation of knowledge, attitudes and practice of coronary artery disease risk factors among general population in Tabuk City, Saudi Arabia. Egypt J Hosp Med. 2018;73(7):7064–7068. DOI: 10.21608/ejhm.2018.17503
- 22Awad A, Al-Nafisi H. Public knowledge of cardiovascular disease and its risk factors in Kuwait: A cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:1131. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1131
- 23Gill R, Chow CM. Knowledge of heart disease and stroke among cardiology inpatients and outpatients in a Canadian inner-city urban hospital. Can J Cardiol. 2010;26(10):537–541. DOI: 10.1016/S0828-282X(10)70468-2
- 24Khan MS, Jafary FH, Faruqui AM, Rasool SI, Hatcher J, Chaturvedi N, et al. High prevalence of lack of knowledge of symptoms of acute myocardial infarction in Pakistan and its contribution to delayed presentation to the hospital. BMC Public Health. 2007;7:1–8. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-7-284
- 25Dracup K, McKinley S, Doering LV, Riegel B, Meischke H, Moser DK, et al. Acute coronary syndrome: What do patients know? Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(10):1049–1054. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.168.10.1049
- 26Kopec G, Sobien B, Podolec M, Dziedzic H, Zarzecka J, Loster B, et al. Knowledge of a patient-dependant phase of acute myocardial infarction in Polish adults: The role of physician’s advice. Eur J Public Health. 2011;21(5):603–608. DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckq110
- 27Fang J, Gillespie C, Keenan NL, Greenlund KJ. Awareness of heart attack symptoms among US adults in 2007, and changes in awareness from 2001 to 2007. Future Cardiol. 2011;7(3):311–320. DOI: 10.2217/fca.10.111