The Silent Surge: Obesity Driving a Global Cardiovascular Crisis
References
- Lopez-Jimenez F, Di Cesare M, Powis J, Shrikhande S, Adeoye M, Codato E, Zhou B, Bixby H, Evans N, Lara-Breitinger K, Rodriguez MA, Hadeed L, Barquera S, Taylor S, Perel P, Pineiro D, Narula J, Pinto F. The Weight of Cardiovascular Diseases: Addressing the Global Cardiovascular Crisis Associated with Obesity. Glob Heart. 2025 Aug 21;20(1):68. DOI: 10.5334/gh.1451. PMID: 40860963. PMCID: PMC12372701.
- Chen Q, Huang S, Wang X, Peng J, Wang P, Luo R, Shi X, Xu H, Zhang W, Shi L, Peng Y, Wang N, Tang X. The burden of diseases attributable to high body mass index in Asia from 1990 - 2019: results from the global burden of disease study 2019. Ann Med. 2025 Dec;57(1):2483977. DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2025.2483977. Epub 2025 Mar 28. PMID: 40151071. PMCID: PMC11956100.
- World Obesity Federation. World Obesity Atlas 2023. London, UK: WOF; 2023.
- World Health Organization. Zero draft: political declaration of the fourth High-Level Meeting of the General Assembly on the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases and the promotion of mental health and well-being. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2025.
- World Health Organization. The WHO Acceleration Plan to STOP Obesity: progress from WHA 75 Nutrition and Food Safety Department. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2023.
- Borys JM, Valdeyron L, Levy E, Vinck J, Edell D, Walter L, et al. EPODE – a model for reducing the incidence of obesity and weight-related comorbidities. Eur Endocrinol. 2013;9(2):116–120. DOI: 10.17925/USE.2013.09.01.32
- Panniyammakal J, Stanley A, Ismail S, Lekha TR, Ganapathi S, Harikrishnan S. Family-based interventions to promote weight management in adults: results from a cluster randomized controlled trial in India. Ann Fam Med. 2025;23(2):93–99. DOI: 10.1370/afm.230632
- John AS, Ganapathi S, Harikrishnan S, Lekha TR, Stanley A, Soman B, et al. Within-trial cost-effectiveness analysis of a family-based structured lifestyle modification intervention program for cardiovascular risk reduction: results from the PROLIFIC trial. Glob Heart. 2025;20(1):65. DOI: 10.5334/gh.1450
- NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet. 2024 Mar 16;403(10431):1027–1050. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02750-2. Epub 2024 Feb 29. PMID: 38432237. PMCID: PMC7615769.
- Torris C, Mobekk H. Improving cardiovascular health through nudging healthier food choices: a systematic review. Nutrients. 2019;11(10):2520. DOI: 10.3390/nu11102520
- Baird J, Dhuria P, Payne H, Crozier S, Lawrence W, Vogel C. Implementation of a UK supermarket intervention to increase purchasing of fresh fruit and vegetables: process evaluation of the WRAPPED natural experiment. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2024;21(1):128. DOI: 10.1186/s12966-024-01679-3
https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/107797/E89501.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed .https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/260253/WHO-NMH-PND-16.5Rev.1-eng.pdf .- Harbers MC, Beulens JWJ, Rutters F, de Boer F, Gillebaart M, Sluijs I, van der Schouw YT. The effects of nudges on purchases, food choice, and energy intake or content of purchases in real-life food purchasing environments: a systematic review and evidence synthesis. Nutr J. 2020 Sep 17;19(1):103. DOI: 10.1186/s12937-020-00623-y. PMID: 32943071. PMCID: PMC7500553.
- Luli M, Yeo G, Farrell E, Ogden J, Parretti H, Frew E, Bevan S, Brown A, Logue J, Menon V, Isack N, Lean M, McEwan C, Gately P, Williams S, Astbury N, Bryant M, Clare K, Dimitriadis GK, Finlayson G, Heslehurst N, Johnson B, Le Brocq S, Roberts A, McGinley P, Mueller J, O’Kane M, Batterham RL, Miras AD. The implications of defining obesity as a disease: a report from the Association for the Study of Obesity 2021 annual conference. EClinicalMedicine. 2023 Apr 6;58:101962. DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101962. PMID: 37090435. PMCID: PMC10119881.
- Taillie LS, Bercholz M, Popkin B, Reyes M, Colchero MA, Corvalan C. Changes in food purchases after the Chilean policies on food labelling, marketing, and sales in schools: a before and after study. Lancet Planet Health. 2021;5(8):e526–e533. DOI: 10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00172-8
- Luick M, Bandy LK, Harrington R, Vijayan J, Adams J, Cummins S, et al. The impact of the UK soft drink industry levy on the soft drink marketplace, 2017–2020: an interrupted time series analysis with comparator series. PLoS One. 2024;19(6):
e0301890 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301890 - Colchero MA, Popkin BM, Rivera JA, Ng SW. Beverage purchases from stores in Mexico under the excise tax on sugar sweetened beverages: observational study. BMJ. 2016;352:h6704. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.h6704
- World Health Organization. South Korea: Front-of-Pack Labeling (FOPL) Policy. Global database on the Implementation of Food-related Nutrition Action (GIFNA). Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2022.
- Cleghorn CL, Blakely T, Bablani L, Ni Mhurchu C. Estimated health impacts of reformulation resulting from Health Star Rating nutrition labelling in Aotearoa New Zealand. J R Soc N Z. 2025;55(6):1904–1920. DOI: 10.1080/03036758.2025.2455499
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. School feeding programs in brazil: supporting sustainable diets and food systems. Rome, Italy: FAO; 2019.
- Kruger HS, van Zyl T, Monyeki MA, Ricci C, Kruger R. Decreased frequency of sugar-sweetened beverages intake among young children following the implementation of the health promotion levy in South Africa. Public Health Nutr. 2025;28(1):
e23 . DOI: 10.1017/S1368980024002623 - Afroza U, Abrar AK, Nowar A, Sobhan SMM, Ide N, Choudhury SR. Global overview of government-endorsed nutrition labeling policies of packaged foods: a document review. Front Public Health. 2024;12:1426639. DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1426639
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.1464 | Journal eISSN: 2211-8179
Language: English
Submitted on: Aug 17, 2025
Accepted on: Aug 22, 2025
Published on: Sep 3, 2025
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Keywords:
© 2025 Panniyammakal Jeemon, Sivasankaran Sivasubramonian, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.