Table 1
Baseline characteristics of patients.
| VARIABLES | TOTAL N = 4030 | <65 YEARS N = 3148 (78.1%) | ≥65 YEARS N = 882 (21.9%) | P-VALUE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic | ||||
| Age (years) | 52 ± 15 | 47 ± 11 | 73 ± 7 | <0.001 |
| Sex | 0.833 | |||
| Male | 1886 (46.8%) | 1476 (46.9%) | 410 (46.5%) | |
| Female | 2144 (53.2%) | 1672 (53.1%) | 472 (53.5%) | |
| Clinical | ||||
| Obesity | 1649 (45.4%) | 1361 (46.4%) | 288 (41.3%) | 0.003 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 29.8 ± 6.1 | 30.0 ± 6.1 | 29.2 ± 6.0 | 0.153 |
| Hypertension | 2167 (53.8%) | 1620 (51.5%) | 547 (62.0%) | <0.001 |
| Stroke | 60 (1.5%) | 39 (1.2%) | 21 (2.4%) | 0.013 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 143 (3.5%) | 97 (3.1%) | 46 (5.2%) | 0.002 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 58 (1.4%) | 27 (0.9%) | 31 (3.5%) | <0.001 |
| Echocardiographic | ||||
| Left atrial diameter (mm) | 35.7 ± 6.7 | 35.5 ± 6.6 | 36.2 ± 7.0 | 0.011 |
| Aortic root diameter (mm) | 29.2 ± 4.9 | 29.0 ± 5.0 | 29.8 ± 4.6 | <0.001 |
| IVSTD (mm) | 12.5 ± 3.0 | 12.3 ± 3.0 | 13.2 ± 3.2 | <0.001 |
| PWTD (mm) | 10.6 ± 2.5 | 10.5 ± 2.3 | 10.9 ± 2.4 | <0.001 |
| LVIDD (mm) | 48.0 ± 8.4 | 48.4 ± 8.1 | 46.8 ± 9.1 | <0.001 |
| LVIDS (mm) | 30.3 ± 9.3 | 30.4 ± 9.1 | 29.8 ± 9.9 | 0.075 |
| RWT | 0.46 ± 0.1 | 0.45 ± 0.1 | 0.49 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| LVMI (g/m2) | 112.5 ± 41.6 | 110.7 ± 40.7 | 120.1 ± 44.3 | <0.001 |
| LVH | 1830 (50.5%) | 1421 (48.5%) | 409 (58.8%) | <0.001 |
| Ejection fraction (%) | 66.0 ± 14 | 67.0 ± 13.0 | 65.0 ± 15.0 | 0.016 |
| Fractional shortening (%) | 38.0 ± 10.0 | 38.0 ± 10.0 | 37.0 ± 11.0 | 0.057 |
| E velocity (m/s) | 0.82 ± 3.3 | 0.84 ± 3.6 | 0.77 ± 2.1 | 0.575 |
| A velocity (m/s) | 1.34 ± 23.7 | 1.41 ± 26.5 | 1.10 ± 6.1 | 0.553 |
| E/A | 1.26 ± 2.2 | 1.28 ± 1.6 | 1.21 ± 3.7 | 0.602 |
| E′ velocity (m/s) | 0.15 ± 2.4 | 0.17 ± 2.8 | 0.09 ± 0.2 | 0.120 |
| E/E′ | 9.4 ± 15.6 | 8.96 ± 14.4 | 10.94 ± 19.0 | 0.002 |
| Aortic sclerosis | 169 (4.2%) | 53 (1.7%) | 116 (13.2%) | <0.001 |
| Degenerative mitral valve disease | 10 (0.2%) | 1 (0.0%) | 9 (1.0%) | <0.001* |
| Calcific aortic valve disease | 48 (1.2%) | 18 (0.6%) | 30 (3.4%) | <0.001 |
| Mild | 25 (0.6%) | 9 (0.3%) | 16 (1.8%) | |
| Moderate | 12 (0.3%) | 3 (0.1%) | 9 (1.0%) | |
| Severe | 11 (0.3%) | 6 (0.2%) | 5 (0.6%) | |
| DVD | 53 (1.3%) | 19 (0.6%) | 34 (3.9%) | <0.001 |
[i] IVSTD, interventricular septal thickness in diastole; PWTD, left ventricular posterior wall thickness in diastole; LVIDD, left ventricular internal dimension in diastole; LVIDD, left ventricular internal dimension in systole; RWT, relative wall thickness; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; DVD, degenerative valve disease.
*Fishers exact test.
Table 2
Multivariable logistic regression of co-variates and aortic sclerosis.
| AORTIC SCLEROSIS | ||
|---|---|---|
| VARIABLES | ODDS RATIO (CONFIDENCE INTERVAL) | P-VALUE |
| Age ≥65 years | 7.99 (5.51–11.59) | <0.001 |
| Sex | 0.89 (0.62–1.29) | 0.540 |
| Obesity | 0.78 (0.54–1.13) | 0.185 |
| Hypertension | 3.98 (2.44–6.49) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 1.87 (0.93–3.77) | 0.078 |
| Stroke | 2.26 (0.61–8.35) | 0.221 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 1.49 (0.41–5.39) | 0.540 |
| Left ventricular hypertrophy | 1.61 (1.10–2.34) | 0.672 |
[i] Model fit of P < 0.001, Cox & Snell R2 of 0.058, Nagelkerke R2 of 0.207, Homer and Lemeshow test of 0.262.
Table 3
Multivariable logistic regression of co-variates and calcific aortic valve disease.
| CALCIFIC AORTIC VALVE DISEASE | ||
|---|---|---|
| VARIABLES | ODDS RATIO (CONFIDENCE INTERVAL) | P-VALUE |
| Age ≥65 years | 4.25 (2.17–8.30) | <0.001 |
| Sex | 0.82 (0.42–1.61) | 0.564 |
| Obesity | 0.53 (0.26–1.08) | 0.079 |
| Hypertension | 2.48 (1.10–5.63) | 0.029 |
| Diabetes | 1.34 (0.31–5.89) | 0.698 |
| Stroke | 2.66 (0.33–21.21) | 0.357 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 1.66 (0.21–13.43) | 0.635 |
| Left ventricular hypertrophy | 5.35 (2.07–13.85) | 0.001 |
[i] Model fit of P < 0.001, Cox & Snell R2 of 0.015, Nagelkerke R2 of 0.136, Homer and Lemeshow test of 0.060.