Table 1
Incidence, ASIR and EAPC in 1990-2021 among women with NRVHD.
| LOCATION | 1990 | 2021 | 1990–2021 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| INCIDENCE (95% UI) | ASIR (95% UI) | INCIDENCE (95% UI) | ASIR (95% UI) | EAPC (95% UI) | |
| Global | 391.87 (357.55–430.82) | 18.33 (16.77–20.16) | 879.06 (810.71–949.11) | 18.93 (17.45–20.32) | 0.30 (0.23–0.37) |
| SDI | |||||
| Low SDI | 4.08 (3.07–4.46) | 3.63 (3.32–3.90) | 9.97 (9.11–10.84) | 3.83 (3.55–4.13) | 0.14 (0.08–0.21) |
| Low-middle SDI | 16.27 (14.70–17.85) | 5.31 (4.93–5.94) | 44.83 (40.55–49.08) | 5.93 (5.42–6.45) | 0.31 (0.25–0.37) |
| Middle SDI | 37.33 (34.23–40.61) | 6.86 (6.37–7.46) | 119.08 (108.75–129.79) | 8.22 (7.53–8.98) | 0.73 (0.66–0.80) |
| High-middle SDI | 104.48 (95.88–114.75) | 18.19 (16.60–19.93) | 226.37 (209.17–243.78) | 20.42 (19.02–22.02) | 0.62 (0.51–0.72) |
| High SDI | 229.24 (207.13–252.64) | 36.00 (32.79–39.62) | 477.88 (438.41–518.49) | 42.83 (39.55–46.81) | 0.77 (0.69–0.85) |
| GBD Region | |||||
| Andean Latin America | 0.57 (0.50–0.66) | 5.15 (4.43–5.97) | 2.48 (2.17–2.81) | 7.91 (6.92–9.08) | 1.34 (1.31–1.38) |
| Australasia | 3.58 (3.13–4.05) | 26.45 (23.21–29.67) | 9.56 (8.36–10.77) | 33.02 (28.83–36.94) | 0.80 (0.76–0.84) |
| Caribbean | 0.84 (0.74–0.95) | 6.10 (5.43–6.99) | 2.26 (1.99–2.54) | 8.02 (7.01–9.08) | 0.89 (0.84–0.95) |
| Central Asia | 5.36 (4.45–6.42) | 19.12 (16.02–22.83) | 12.71 (10.97–14.61) | 26.13 (22.52–30.28) | 1.34 (1.13–1.55) |
| Central Europe | 20.76 (18.21–23.40) | 24.02 (21.24–27.02) | 41.74 (37.56–46.02) | 35.73 (32.24–39.69) | 1.68 (1.39–1.96) |
| Central Latin America | 3.54 (3.06–4.05) | 7.81 (6.73–8.95) | 14.59 (12.48–16.76) | 10.64 (9.13–12.25) | 1.28 (1.15–1.42) |
| Central Sub-Saharan Africa | 0.36 (0.32–0.40) | 3.02 (2.73–3.34) | 0.90 (0.80–1.01) | 3.02 (2.74–3.38) | –0.01 (–0.09–0.07) |
| East Asia | 33.49 (31.16–36.07) | 7.24 (6.72–7.84) | 105.98 (99.29–113.43) | 8.83 (8.29–9.47) | 0.81 (0.73–0.90) |
| Eastern Europe | 32.63 (29.33–36.37) | 18.02 (16.23–19.92) | 55.71 (49.32–63.11) | 25.63 (22.96–28.97) | 1.45 (1.29–1.61) |
| Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa | 1.15 (1.03–1.27) | 3.02 (2.73–3.34) | 2.56 (2.32–2.83) | 2.87 (2.52–3.13) | –0.27 (–0.35––0.19) |
| High-income Asia Pacific | 43.80 (39.06–49.06) | 37.82 (33.81–42.25) | 95.11 (85.13–106.51) | 41.65 (37.73–46.17) | 0.46 (0.37–0.55) |
| High-income North America | 102.74 (91.42–114.65) | 51.13 (46.15–56.66) | 211.56 (194.36–229.26) | 58.12 (53.57–62.65) | 0.59 (0.53–0.66) |
| North Africa and Middle East | 7.62 (6.87–8.48) | 8.52 (7.73–9.54) | 21.70 (19.55–24.09) | 9.62 (8.32–10.16) | 0.36 (0.28–0.44) |
| Oceania | 0.08 (0.07–0.09) | 5.35 (4.53–6.45) | 0.20 (0.17–0.24) | 5.73 (4.96–6.73) | 0.14 (0.11–0.17) |
| South Asia | 12.82 (11.78–13.89) | 4.83 (4.43–5.24) | 38.76 (35.61–42.22) | 5.13 (4.75–5.66) | 0.22 (0.13–0.31) |
| Southeast Asia | 7.44 (6.60–8.43) | 5.53 (4.95–6.23) | 24.12 (21.46–27.31) | 6.72 (6.00–7.59) | 0.60 (0.53–0.67) |
| Southern Latin America | 4.88 (4.30–5.57) | 18.85 (16.73–21.46) | 13.18 (11.52–15.25) | 26.83 (23.55–30.98) | 1.07 (0.87–1.27) |
| Southern Sub-Saharan Africa | 0.49 (0.44–0.54) | 3.03 (2.75–3.32) | 1.03 (0.91–1.15) | 3.13 (2.83–3.42) | –0.12 (–0.20–0.05) |
| Tropical Latin America | 5.10 (4.52–5.79) | 9.94 (8.86–11.34) | 16.95 (14.58–19.59) | 11.93 (10.34–13.82) | 0.62 (0.51–0.72) |
| Western Europe | 103.63 (94.11–113.83) | 30.93 (28.53–33.76) | 205.43 (189.31–221.37) | 42.73 (39.66–45.98) | 1.20 (1.04–1.37) |
| Western Sub-Saharan Africa | 0.96 (0.87–1.06) | 2.13 (1.95–2.33) | 2.56 (2.29–2.81) | 2.24 (2.03–2.46) | 0.20 (0.18–0.22) |
[i] * The unit of incidence is thousand people. ASIR, age-standardized incidence rate; EAPC, Estimated Annual Percentage Change; 95%UI, 95% Uncertainty Interval; NRVHD, non-rheumatic valvular heart diseases; SDI, Socio-demographic Index.
Figure 1
Joinpoint regression analysis for NRVHD in women.
* Each point represents the average annual percent change for each year; the color of the points represents the global situation compared to different Socio-Demographic Index regions.
Figure 2
Changes in the epidemiological characteristics of NRVHD among women in 204 countries and regions from 1990 to 2021.
Figure 3
APC model results for NRVHD and its subtype.
* Figure ABC represents the Annual Percent Change results for NRVHD. Figure DEF represents the APC results for NRAVD. Figure GHI represents the APC results for NRMVD. Figure ADG illustrates period effects, reflecting the risk ratios compared to a reference year. Figure BEH shows Longitudinal Age Curves, which depict the longitudinal distribution characteristics of the disease by age. Figure CFI reflects the cross-sectional age distribution observed annually in each study.
Figure 4
Decomposition Analysis and Future Prediction Models in Female Patients with NRVHD.
* Figure ABC presents the decomposition analysis results, where Figure A represents NRVHD, Figure B represents NRAVD, and Figure C represents NRMVD. The black dots in the figures represent the results of the three influencing factors. Figure DE shows the prediction analysis results: Figure D reflects the incidence rates of NRVHD and its subtypes up to 2046, with lines representing the changes in age-standardized incidence rates. Figure E displays the predicted future trends of total NRVHD occurrences across different Socio-Demographic Index regions.
Table 2
Heart failure caused by non-rheumatic valvular heart disease.
* YLDs, age-standardized incidence rate; SDI, Socio-demographic Index.
| LOCATION | 1990 | 2021 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| YLDS | PREVALENCE | YLDS | PREVALENCE | |
| Global | 3.56 (2.04–6.06) | 39.74 (26.61–61.51) | 2.63 (1.49–4.51) | 29.45 (19.03–45.44) |
| SDI | ||||
| Low SDI | 0.55 (0.30–1.00) | 6.23 (4.11–9.78) | 0.60 (0.32–1.06) | 6.76 (4.49–10.45) |
| Low-middle SDI | 1.03 (0.57–1.78) | 11.64 (7.71–18.24) | 1.12 (0.62–1.96) | 12.67 (8.44–19.55) |
| Middle SDI | 1.45 (0.81–2.50) | 16.40 (10.74–25.22) | 1.49 (0.84–2.54) | 16.73 (11.17–25.72) |
| High-middle SDI | 3.71 (2.08–6.37) | 41.50 (27.62–64.49) | 2.98 (1.70–5.09) | 33.35 (21.52–51.61) |
| High SDI | 5.44 (3.09–9.36) | 60.52 (39.74–94.59) | 4.13 (2.26–7.11) | 45.92 (28.69–73.03) |