References
- 1Ayouni I, Maatoug J, Dhouib W, Zammit N, Fredj SB, Ghammam R, et al. Effective public health measures to mitigate the spread of COVID-19: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2021 May 29;21(1):
1015 . DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11111-1 - 2WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jun 8]. Available from:
https://covid19.who.int . - 3Alimohamadi Y, Tola HH, Abbasi-Ghahramanloo A, Janani M, Sepandi M. Case fatality rate of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Prev Med Hyg. 2021 Jun;62(2):E311–20. DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2021.62.2.1627
- 4Dessie ZG, Zewotir T. Mortality-related risk factors of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 42 studies and 423,117 patients. BMC Infect Dis. 2021 Aug 21;21(1):
855 . DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06536-3 - 5Pijls BG, Jolani S, Atherley A, Derckx RT, Dijkstra JIR, Franssen GHL, et al. Demographic risk factors for COVID-19 infection, severity, ICU admission and death: a meta-analysis of 59 studies. BMJ Open. 2021 Jan 11;11(1):
e044640 . DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044640 - 6Kharroubi SA, Diab-El-Harake M. Sex-differences in COVID-19 diagnosis, risk factors and disease comorbidities: A large US-based cohort study. Front Public Health. 2022 Nov 17 [cited 2024 Jul 26];10:
1029190 . Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9714345/ . DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1029190 - 7Qi S, Ngwa C, Morales Scheihing DA, Al Mamun A, Ahnstedt HW, Finger CE, et al. Sex differences in the immune response to acute COVID-19 respiratory tract infection. Biol Sex Differ. 2021 Dec 20;12:66. DOI: 10.1186/s13293-021-00410-2
- 8CDCMMWR. Geographic Differences in COVID-19 Cases, Deaths, and Incidence — United States, February 12–April 7, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2024 Aug 6];69. Available from:
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6915e4.htm . DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6915e4 - 9Bonnet F, Grigoriev P, Sauerberg M, Alliger I, Mühlichen M, Camarda CG. Spatial disparities in the mortality burden of the covid-19 pandemic across 569 European regions (2020–2021). Nat Commun. 2024 May 18;15(1):
4246 . DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48689-0 - 10Brown PA. Country-level predictors of COVID-19 mortality. Sci Rep. 2023 Jun 7;13(1):
9263 . DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36449-x - 11Levin AT, Owusu-Boaitey N, Pugh S, Fosdick BK, Zwi AB, Malani A, et al. Assessing the burden of COVID-19 in developing countries: systematic review, meta-analysis and public policy implications. BMJ Glob Health. 2022 May 1;7(5):
e008477 . DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2022-008477 - 12Gómez-Mesa JE, Galindo-Coral S, Montes MC, Alarco W, Barisani JL, Magaña A, et al. Latin-American Registry of Cardiovascular Disease and COVID-19: Rationale and Design of the CARDIO COVID 19-20 Registry. Glob Heart. 2021 Feb 12;16(1):14. DOI: 10.5334/gh.1272
- 13Sliwa K, Singh K, Raspail L, Ojji D, Lam CSP, Thienemann F, et al. The World Heart Federation Global Study on COVID-19 and Cardiovascular Disease. Glob Heart. 16(1):22. DOI: 10.5334/gh.950
- 14World Health Organization. Hospital beds (per 10 000 population) [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jul 26]. Available from:
https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/hospital-beds-(per-10-000-population) . - 15Baptista A, Vieira AM, Capela E, Julião P, Macedo A. COVID-19 fatality rates in hospitalized patients: A new systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect Public Health. 2023 Oct;16(10):1606–12. DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.07.006
- 16Prabhakaran D, Singh K, Kondal D, Raspail L, Mohan B, Kato T, et al. Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes among Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19: Findings from the World Heart Federation COVID-19 Study. Glob Heart. 17(1):40. DOI: 10.5334/gh.1128
- 17Gomez-Mesa JE, Galindo S, Escalante-Forero M, Rodas Y, Valencia A, Perna E, et al. Latin-American Registry of Cardiovascular Disease and COVID-19: Final Results. Glob Heart. 2023;18(1):60. DOI: 10.5334/gh.1272
- 18Noor FM, Islam MM. Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Mortality Among COVID-19 Patients: A Meta-Analysis. J Community Health. 2020 Dec;45(6):1270–82. DOI: 10.1007/s10900-020-00920-x
- 19Hahnle L, Mennen M, Gumedze F, Mutithu D, Adriaanse M, Egan D, et al. Greater Disease Severity and Worse Clinical Outcomes in Patients Hospitalised with COVID-19 in Africa. Glob Heart. 2024;19(1):34. DOI: 10.5334/gh.1314
- 20Hughes GD, Mbamalu ON, Okonji CO, Puoane TR. The Impact of Health Disparities on COVID-19 Outcomes: Early Findings from a High-Income Country and Two Middle-Income Countries. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2022;9(1):376–83. DOI: 10.1007/s40615-021-00999-5
- 21Janke AT, Mei H, Rothenberg C, Becher RD, Lin Z, Venkatesh AK. Analysis of Hospital Resource Availability and COVID-19 Mortality Across the United States. J Hosp Med. 2021 Apr;16(4):211–4. DOI: 10.12788/jhm.3539
- 22Liang CK, Chen LK. National health care quality and COVID-19 case fatality rate: International comparisons of top 50 countries. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2022;98:
104587 . DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2021.104587 - 23Sharma M, Bhargava A, Szpunar SM, Johnson LB, Saravolatz LD. Do risk factors at the time of hospital admission differ by sex for in-hospital mortality from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? Antimicrob Steward Healthc Epidemiol ASHE. 2021 Nov 25;1(1):
e55 . DOI: 10.1017/ash.2021.223 - 24Jun T, Nirenberg S, Weinberger T, Sharma N, Pujadas E, Cordon-Cardo C, et al. Analysis of sex-specific risk factors and clinical outcomes in COVID-19. Commun Med. 2021 Jun 30;1:3. DOI: 10.1038/s43856-021-00006-2
- 25Romero Starke K, Reissig D, Petereit-Haack G, Schmauder S, Nienhaus A, Seidler A. The isolated effect of age on the risk of COVID-19 severe outcomes: a systematic review with meta-analysis. BMJ Glob Health. 2021 Dec 16;6(12):
e006434 . DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006434 - 26Palaiodimos L, Chamorro-Pareja N, Karamanis D, Li W, Zavras PD, Chang KM, et al. Diabetes is associated with increased risk for in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis comprising 18,506 patients. Horm Athens Greece. 2021 Jun;20(2):305–14. DOI: 10.1007/s42000-020-00246-2
- 27Jdiaa SS, Mansour R, El Alayli A, Gautam A, Thomas P, Mustafa RA. COVID–19 and chronic kidney disease: an updated overview of reviews. J Nephrol. 2022;35(1):69–85. DOI: 10.1007/s40620-021-01206-8
- 28Marmor HN, Pike M, Zhao ZA, Ye F, Deppen SA. Risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 related mortality and hospitalization before vaccination: A meta-analysis. PLOS Glob Public Health. 2022;2(11):
e0001187 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001187 - 29Salaffi F, Carotti M, Tardella M, Borgheresi A, Agostini A, Minorati D, et al. The role of a chest computed tomography severity score in coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020 Oct 16;99(42):
e22433 . DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000022433 - 30Yun Y, Wang Y, Hao Y, Xu L, Cai Q. The time course of chest CT lung changes in COVID-19 patients from onset to discharge. Eur J Radiol Open. 2021;8:
100305 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ejro.2020.100305 - 31Rathore SS, Hussain N, Manju AH, Wen Q, Tousif S, Avendaño-Capriles CA, et al. Prevalence and clinical outcomes of pleural effusion in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Virol. 2022 Jan;94(1):229–39. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27301
- 32Bemtgen X, Kaier K, Rilinger J, Rottmann F, Supady A, von Zur Mühlen C, et al. Myocarditis mortality with and without COVID-19: insights from a national registry. Clin Res Cardiol Off J Ger Card Soc. 2022 Dec 24;1–7. DOI: 10.1007/s00392-022-02141-9
- 33Pommier T, Benzenine E, Bernard C, Mariet AS, Béjot Y, Giroud M, et al. Trends of Myocarditis and Endocarditis Cases before, during, and after the First Complete COVID-19-Related Lockdown in 2020 in France. Biomedicines. 2022 May 25;10(6):
1231 . DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061231 - 34Fatuyi M, Amoah J, Egbuchiem H, Antia A, Akinti S, Mararenko A, et al. Impact of COVID-19 Infection on Clinical Outcomes Among Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure: A Nationwide Analysis. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2023 Jul 1;48(11):
101908 . DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.101908 - 35WHO Rapid Evidence Appraisal for COVID-19 Therapies (REACT) Working Group, Sterne JAC, Murthy S, Diaz JV, Slutsky AS, Villar J, et al. Association Between Administration of Systemic Corticosteroids and Mortality Among Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: A Meta-analysis. JAMA. 2020 Oct 6;324(13):1330–41. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.17023
- 36van Paassen J, Vos JS, Hoekstra EM, Neumann KMI, Boot PC, Arbous SM. Corticosteroid use in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis on clinical outcomes. Crit Care. 2020 Dec 14;24(1):696. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-03400-9
- 37Covello RD, Pasin L, Fresilli S, Tóth K, Damiani C, Hajjar LA, et al. Meta-Analysis of Glucocorticoids for Covid-19 Patients Not Receiving Oxygen. NEJM Evid. 2023 May;2(5):
EVIDoa2200283 . DOI: 10.1056/evidoa2200283 - 38Reis S, Popp M, Schießer S, Metzendorf MI, Kranke P, Meybohm P, et al. Anticoagulation in COVID-19 patients – An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Thromb Res. 2022 Nov;219:40–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2022.09.001
- 39Zong X, Wang X, Liu Y, Li Z, Wang W, Wei D, et al. Antiplatelet therapy for patients with COVID-19: Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies and randomized controlled trials. Front Med. 2022 Sep 7;9:
965790 . DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.965790 - 40Sokolski M, Reszka K, Adamik B, Kilis-Pstrusinska K, Lis W, Pomorski M, et al. Antiplatelet therapy prior to COVID-19 infection impacts on patients mortality: a propensity score-matched cohort study. Sci Rep. 2024 Feb 28;14(1):
4832 . DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55407-9 - 41Howard-Jones AR, Huang S, Orde SR, Branley JM. Risk factors for mortality in severe COVID-19: Exploring the interplay of immunomodulatory therapy and coinfection. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2023 Sep 17;310057X231183451. DOI: 10.1177/0310057x231183451
- 42Bukhman G, Mocumbi AO, Atun R, Becker AE, Bhutta Z, Binagwaho A, et al. The Lancet NCDI Poverty Commission: bridging a gap in universal health coverage for the poorest billion. Lancet. 2020 Oct 3;396(10256):991–1044. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31907-3
- 43Baker TB, Bolt DM, Smith SS, Piasecki TM, Conner KL, Bernstein SL, et al. The Relationship of COVID-19 Vaccination with Mortality Among 86,732 Hospitalized Patients: Subpopulations, Patient Factors, and Changes over Time. J Gen Intern Med. 2023 Apr;38(5):1248–55. DOI: 10.1007/s11606-022-08007-0
