Table 1
Detailed information of the GWAS datasets used in the present study.
| EXPOSURE | GWAS ID | STUDY OR CONSORTIUM | SAMPLE SIZE | SNP | YEAR | ANCESTRY |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Copper | ieu-a-1073 | Evans DM et al. | 2,603 | 2,543,646 | 2013 | European |
| Selenium | ieu-a-1077 | Evans DM et al. | 2,603 | 2,543,617 | 2013 | European |
| Zinc | ieu-a-1079 | Evans DM et al. | 2,603 | 2,543,610 | 2013 | European |
| Calcium | ukb-b-8951 | Ben Elsworth et al. | 64,979 | 9,851,867 | 2018 | European |
| Iron | ukb-b-20447 | Ben Elsworth et al. | 64,979 | 9,851,867 | 2018 | European |
| Magnesium | ukb-b-7372 | Ben Elsworth et al. | 64,979 | 9,851,867 | 2018 | European |
| Potassium | ukb-b-17881 | Ben Elsworth et al. | 64,979 | 9,851,867 | 2018 | European |
| Carotene | ukb-b-16202 | Ben Elsworth et al. | 64,979 | 9,851,867 | 2018 | European |
| Folate | ukb-b-11349 | Ben Elsworth et al. | 64,979 | 9,851,867 | 2018 | European |
| Vitamin A | ukb-b-9596 | Ben Elsworth et al. | 460,351 | 9,851,867 | 2018 | European |
| Vitamin B6 | ukb-b-7864 | Ben Elsworth et al. | 64,979 | 9,851,867 | 2018 | European |
| Vitamin B12 | ukb-b-19524 | Ben Elsworth et al. | 64,979 | 9,851,867 | 2018 | European |
| Vitamin C | ukb-b-19390 | Ben Elsworth et al. | 64,979 | 9,851,867 | 2018 | European |
| Vitamin D | ukb-b-18593 | Ben Elsworth et al. | 64,979 | 9,851,867 | 2018 | European |
| Vitamin E | ukb-b-6888 | Ben Elsworth et al. | 64,979 | 9,851,867 | 2018 | European |
[i] GWAS, genome-wide association study.
Figure 1
A forest plot showing associations between genetically determined levels of copper, zinc and hypertension based on IVW MR analysis. SNPs single nucleotide polymorphism, IVW inverse-variance weighted, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval.
Figure 2
Circular heat map of suggestive genetic correlation between micronutrients and hypertension. IVW, Inverse variance weighted.
Table 2
Heterogeneity and pleiotropy analysis in MR analysis.
| EXPOSURE | MR METHOD | COCHRAN Q STATISTIC | EGGER INTERCEPT | HETEROGENEITY P-VALUE | PLEIOTROPY P-VALUE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Copper | MR Egger | 0.11 | –0.011 | 0.999 | 0.392 |
| Copper | IVW | 1.03 | 0.960 | ||
| Selenium | MR Egger | 3.86 | 0.018 | 0.425 | 0.320 |
| Selenium | IVW | 5.15 | 0.398 | ||
| Zinc | MR Egger | 5.60 | 0.010 | 0.470 | 0.709 |
| Zinc | IVW | 5.75 | 0.569 | ||
| Folate | MR Egger | 14.80 | 0.008 | 0.139 | 0.682 |
| Folate | IVW | 15.06 | 0.180 | ||
| Carotene | MR Egger | 12.53 | –0.010 | 0.484 | 0.471 |
| Carotene | IVW | 13.09 | 0.520 | ||
| Potassium | MR Egger | 24.01 | 0.021 | 0.020 | 0.426 |
| Potassium | IVW | 25.37 | 0.021 | ||
| Vitamin D | MR Egger | 8.45 | 0.040 | 0.672 | 0.136 |
| Vitamin D | IVW | 11.03 | 0.526 | ||
| Vitamin C | MR Egger | 4.88 | –0.005 | 0.770 | 0.774 |
| Vitamin C | IVW | 4.97 | 0.837 | ||
| Vitamin B12 | MR Egger | 8.48 | 0.013 | 0.205 | 0.606 |
| Vitamin B12 | IVW | 8.90 | 0.260 | ||
| Iron | MR Egger | 20.25 | 0.023 | 0.016 | 0.408 |
| Iron | IVW | 21.94 | 0.015 | ||
| Vitamin E | MR Egger | 13.68 | –0.014 | 0.188 | 0.397 |
| Vitamin E | IVW | 14.75 | 0.194 | ||
| Magnesium | MR Egger | 11.25 | –0.008 | 0.735 | 0.531 |
| Magnesium | IVW | 11.66 | 0.767 | ||
| Vitamin B6 | MR Egger | 10.23 | 0.013 | 0.805 | 0.350 |
| Vitamin B6 | IVW | 11.16 | 0.800 | ||
| Calcium | MR Egger | 36.73 | –0.019 | 0.004 | 0.488 |
| Calcium | IVW | 37.81 | 0.004 | ||
| Vitamin A | MR Egger | 7.25 | –0.015 | 0.612 | 0.553 |
| Vitamin A | IVW | 7.63 | 0.665 |
[i] MR, Mendelian randomization; IVW, inverse variance weighted.
Figure 3
Multivariable Mendelian randomization analysis of the impact of copper, zinc on hypertension. OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval.