References
- 1Santilli V, Bernetti A, Mangone M, Paoloni M. Clinical definition of sarcopenia. Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab. 2014; 11: 177–180. DOI: 10.11138/ccmbm/2014.11.3.177
- 2Cederholm T, Morley JE. Sarcopenia: the new definitions. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2015; 18: 1–4. DOI: 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000119
- 3Chen LK, Woo J, Assantachai P, Auyeung TW, Chou MY, Iijima K, et al. Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia: 2019 consensus update on sarcopenia diagnosis and treatment. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2020; 21: 300–307.
e2 . DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2019.12.012 - 4Yuan S, Larsson SC. Epidemiology of sarcopenia: Prevalence, risk factors, and consequences. Metabolism. 2023; 155533. DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155533
- 5Curcio F, Testa G, Liguori I, Papillo M, Flocco V, Panicara V, et al. Sarcopenia and heart failure. Nutrients. 2020; 12. DOI: 10.3390/nu12010211
- 6Chen R, Xu J, Wang Y, Jiang B, Xu X, Lan Y, et al. Prevalence of sarcopenia and its association with clinical outcomes in heart failure: An updated meta-analysis and systematic review. Clin Cardiol. 2023; 46: 260–268. DOI: 10.1002/clc.23970
- 7Marcadet L, Bouredji Z, Argaw A, Frenette J. The roles of RANK/RANKL/OPG in cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscles in health and disease. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2022; 10: 903657. DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.903657
- 8Bose C, Alves I, Singh P, Palade PT, Carvalho E, Borsheim E, et al. Sulforaphane prevents age-associated cardiac and muscular dysfunction through Nrf2 signaling. Aging Cell. 2020; 19: e13261. DOI: 10.1111/acel.13261
- 9Ouchi N, Oshima Y, Ohashi K, Higuchi A, Ikegami C, Izumiya Y, et al. Follistatin-like 1, a secreted muscle protein, promotes endothelial cell function and revascularization in ischemic tissue through a nitric-oxide synthase-dependent mechanism. J Biol Chem. 2008; 283: 32802–32811. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M803440200
- 10Oshima Y, Ouchi N, Sato K, Izumiya Y, Pimentel DR, Walsh K. Follistatin-like 1 is an Akt-regulated cardioprotective factor that is secreted by the heart. Circulation. 2008; 117: 3099–3108. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.767673
- 11Kortebein P, Ferrando A, Lombeida J, Wolfe R, Evans WJ. Effect of 10 days of bed rest on skeletal muscle in healthy older adults. JAMA. 2007; 297: 1772–1774. DOI: 10.1001/jama.297.16.1772-b
- 12Perhonen MA, Franco F, Lane LD, Buckey JC, Blomqvist CG, Zerwekh JE, et al. Cardiac atrophy after bed rest and spaceflight. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2001; 91: 645–653. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.2001.91.2.645
- 13Dorfman TA, Levine BD, Tillery T, Peshock RM, Hastings JL, Schneider SM, et al. Cardiac atrophy in women following bed rest. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2007; 103: 8–16. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01162.2006
- 14Keng BMH, Gao F, Teo LLY, Lim WS, Tan RS, Ruan W, et al. Associations between skeletal muscle and myocardium in aging: a syndrome of “cardio-sarcopenia”? J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019; 67: 2568–2573. DOI: 10.1111/jgs.16132
- 15Collamati A, Marzetti E, Calvani R, Tosato M, D’Angelo E, Sisto AN, et al. Sarcopenia in heart failure: mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2016; 13: 615–624.
- 16Livshits G, Kalinkovich A. Inflammaging as a common ground for the development and maintenance of sarcopenia, obesity, cardiomyopathy and dysbiosis. Ageing Res Rev. 2019; 56: 100980. DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100980
- 17Sergi G, De Rui M, Stubbs B, Veronese N, Manzato E. Measurement of lean body mass using bioelectrical impedance analysis: a consideration of the pros and cons. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2017; 29: 591–597. DOI: 10.1007/s40520-016-0622-6
- 18Li X, Zheng T, Guan Y, Li H, Zhu K, Shen L, et al. ADL recovery trajectory after discharge and its predictors among baseline-independent older inpatients. BMC Geriatr. 2020; 20: 86. DOI: 10.1186/s12877-020-1481-8
- 19Devereux RB, Alonso DR, Lutas EM, Gottlieb GJ, Campo E, Sachs I, et al. Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy: comparison to necropsy findings. Am J Cardiol. 1986; 57: 450–458. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9149(86)90771-X
- 20Kaiser MJ, Bauer JM, Ramsch C, Uter W, Guigoz Y, Cederholm T, et al. Validation of the Mini Nutritional Assessment short-form (MNA-SF): a practical tool for identification of nutritional status. J Nutr Health Aging. 2009; 13: 782–788. DOI: 10.1007/s12603-009-0214-7
- 21Constantin-Teodosiu D, Constantin D. Molecular mechanisms of muscle fatigue. Int J Mol Sci. 2021; 22. DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111587
- 22Byeon CH, Kang KY, Kang SH, Bae EJ. Sarcopenia is associated with Framingham risk score in the Korean population: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2010–2011. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2015; 12: 366–372. DOI: 10.4082/kjfm.2016.37.1.37
- 23Saitoh M, Ishida J, Doehner W, von Haehling S, Anker MS, Coats AJS, et al. Sarcopenia, cachexia, and muscle performance in heart failure: Review update 2016. Int J Cardiol. 2017; 238: 5–11. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.03.155
- 24Adams V, Linke A, Winzer E. Skeletal muscle alterations in HFrEF vs. HFpEF. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2017; 14: 489–497. DOI: 10.1007/s11897-017-0361-9
- 25Pela G, Tagliaferri S, Perrino F, Bussolati G, Longobucco Y, Zerbinati L, et al. Interaction of skeletal and left ventricular mass in older adults with low muscle performance. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020. DOI: 10.1111/jgs.16812
- 26Park J, Kim NH, Kim SH, Kim JS, Kim YH, Lim HE, et al. Visceral adiposity and skeletal muscle mass are independently and synergistically associated with left ventricular structure and function: the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. Int J Cardiol. 2014; 176: 951–955. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.08.108
- 27Levy D, Garrison RJ, Savage DD, Kannel WB, Castelli WP. Prognostic implications of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham Heart Study. N Engl J Med. 1990; 322: 1561–1566. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199005313222203
- 28Lovic D, Narayan P, Pittaras A, Faselis C, Doumas M, Kokkinos P. Left ventricular hypertrophy in athletes and hypertensive patients. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2017; 19: 413–417. DOI: 10.1111/jch.12977
- 29Fulster S, Tacke M, Sandek A, Ebner N, Tschope C, Doehner W, et al. Muscle wasting in patients with chronic heart failure: results from the studies investigating co-morbidities aggravating heart failure (SICA-HF). Eur Heart J. 2013; 34: 512–519. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs381
- 30Furihata T, Kinugawa S, Fukushima A, Takada S, Homma T, Masaki Y, et al. Serum myostatin levels are independently associated with skeletal muscle wasting in patients with heart failure. Int J Cardiol. 2016; 220: 483–487. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.06.231
- 31Loncar G, Fulster S, von Haehling S, Popovic V. Metabolism and the heart: an overview of muscle, fat, and bone metabolism in heart failure. Int J Cardiol. 2013; 162: 77–85. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.09.079
- 32Seiler M, Bowen TS, Rolim N, Dieterlen MT, Werner S, Hoshi T, et al. Skeletal muscle alterations are exacerbated in heart failure with reduced compared with preserved ejection fraction: mediated by circulating cytokines? Circ Heart Fail. 2016; 9. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.116.003027