References
- Vedanthan R, Seligman B, Fuster V. Global perspective on acute coronary syndrome: a burden on the young and poor. Circ Res. 2014; 114: 1959–1975. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.114.302782
- Prabhakaran D, Anand S, Watkins D, Gaziano T, Wu Y, Mbanya JC, et al. Cardiovascular, respiratory, and related disorders: key messages from Disease Control Priorities, 3rd edition. Lancet. 2018; 391: 1224–1236. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32471-6
- Joshi P, Islam S, Pais P, Reddy S, Dorairaj P, Kazmi K, et al. Risk factors for early myocardial infarction in South Asians compared with individuals in other countries. JAMA. 2007; 297: 286–294. DOI: 10.1001/jama.297.3.286
- Talegawkar SA, Jin Y, Kandula NR, Kanaya AM. Cardiovascular health metrics among South Asian adults in the United States: Prevalence and associations with subclinical atherosclerosis. Prev Med. 2017; 96: 79–84. DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.12.017
- Volgman AS, Palaniappan LS, Aggarwal NT, Gupta M, Khandelwal A, Krishnan AV, et al. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in south asians in the united states: epidemiology, risk factors, and treatments: A scientific statement from the american heart association. Circulation. 2018; 138: e1–e34. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000580
- Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004; 364: 937–952. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17018-9
- India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative Diabetes Collaborators. The increasing burden of diabetes and variations among the states of India: the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2016. Lancet Glob Health. 2018; 6: e1352–e1362. DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30387-5
- Huffman MD, Mohanan PP, Devarajan R, Baldridge AS, Kondal D, Zhao L, et al. Acute coronary syndrome quality improvement in Kerala (ACS QUIK): Rationale and design for a cluster-randomized stepped-wedge trial. Am Heart J. 2017; 185: 154–160. DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2016.10.026
- Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Simoons ML, Chaitman BR, White HD, et al. Third universal definition of myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2012; 33: 2551–2567. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs184
- Cannon CP, Brindis RG, Chaitman BR, Cohen DJ, Cross JT, Drozda JP, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA key data elements and definitions for measuring the clinical management and outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndromes and coronary artery disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Data Standards (Writing Committee to Develop Acute Coronary Syndromes and Coronary Artery Disease Clinical Data Standards). Circulation. 2013; 127: 1052–1089. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182831a11
- GUSTO investigators. An international randomized trial comparing four thrombolytic strategies for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1993; 329: 673–682. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199309023291001
- Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27: 1047–1053. DOI: 10.2337/diacare.27.5.1047
- Prabhakaran D, Jeemon P, Roy A. Cardiovascular diseases in india: current epidemiology and future directions. Circulation. 2016; 133: 1605–1620. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.008729
- Mohanan PP, Mathew R, Harikrishnan S, Krishnan MN, Zachariah G, Joseph J, et al. Presentation, management, and outcomes of 25 748 acute coronary syndrome admissions in Kerala, India: results from the Kerala ACS Registry. Eur Heart J. 2013; 34: 121–129. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs219
- Shehab A, Bhagavathula AS, Alhabib KF, Ullah A, Suwaidi JA, Almahmeed W, et al. Age-Related Sex Differences in Clinical Presentation, Management, and Outcomes in ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Pooled Analysis of 15 532 Patients From 7 Arabian Gulf Registries. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020; 9:
e013880 . DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.119.013880 - Franklin K, Goldberg RJ, Spencer F, Klein W, Budaj A, Brieger D, et al. Implications of diabetes in patients with acute coronary syndromes. The Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events. Arch Intern Med. 2004; 164: 1457–1463. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.164.13.1457
- Zhou M, Liu J, Hao Y, Liu J, Huo Y, Smith SC, et al. Prevalence and in-hospital outcomes of diabetes among patients with acute coronary syndrome in China: findings from the Improving Care for Cardiovascular Disease in China-Acute Coronary Syndrome Project. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018; 17: 147. DOI: 10.1186/s12933-018-0793-x
- Ting HH, Chen AY, Roe MT, Chan PS, Spertus JA, Nallamothu BK, et al. Delay from symptom onset to hospital presentation for patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med. 2010; 170: 1834–1841. DOI: 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.385
- Timmer JR, Ottervanger JP, de Boer M-J, Boersma E, Grines CL, Westerhout CM, et al. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention compared with fibrinolysis for myocardial infarction in diabetes mellitus: results from the Primary Coronary Angioplasty vs Thrombolysis-2 trial. Arch Intern Med. 2007; 167: 1353–1359. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.167.13.1353
- Kahn MB, Cubbon RM, Mercer B, Wheatcroft ACG, Gherardi G, Aziz A, et al. Association of diabetes with increased all-cause mortality following primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in the contemporary era. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2012; 9: 3–9. DOI: 10.1177/1479164111427752
- Rathore SS, Curtis JP, Chen J, Wang Y, Nallamothu BK, Epstein AJ, et al. Association of door-to-balloon time and mortality in patients admitted to hospital with ST elevation myocardial infarction: national cohort study. BMJ. 2009; 338: b1807. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.b1807
- Mohanan PP, Huffman MD, Baldridge AS, Devarajan R, Kondal D, Zhao L, et al. Microeconomic costs, insurance, and catastrophic health spending among patients with acute myocardial infarction in india: substudy of a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2019; 2:
ee193831 . DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.3831 - Radomska E, Sadowski M, Kurzawski J, Gierlotka M, Polonski L. ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2013; 36: 3469–3475. DOI: 10.2337/dc13-0394
- Nauta ST, Deckers JW, Akkerhuis KM, van Domburg RT. Short- and long-term mortality after myocardial infarction in patients with and without diabetes: changes from 1985 to 2008. Diabetes Care. 2012; 35: 2043–2047. DOI: 10.2337/dc11-2462
- Ishihara M. Acute hyperglycemia in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circ J. 2012; 76: 563–571. DOI: 10.1253/circj.CJ-11-1376
- Ishihara M, Kagawa E, Inoue I, Kawagoe T, Shimatani Y, Kurisu S, et al. Impact of admission hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus on short- and long-term mortality after acute myocardial infarction in the coronary intervention era. Am J Cardiol. 2007; 99: 1674–1679. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.01.044
- Stevens RJ, Coleman RL, Adler AI, Stratton IM, Matthews DR, Holman RR. Risk factors for myocardial infarction case fatality and stroke case fatality in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 66. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27: 201–207. DOI: 10.2337/diacare.27.1.201
- Yeung C-Y, Lam KS-L, Li S-W, Lam K-F, Tse H-F, Siu C-W. Sudden cardiac death after myocardial infarction in type 2 diabetic patients with no residual myocardial ischemia. Diabetes Care. 2012; 35: 2564–2569. DOI: 10.2337/dc12-0118
- Jenča D, Melenovský V, Stehlik J, Staněk V, Kettner J, Kautzner J, et al. Heart failure after myocardial infarction: incidence and predictors. ESC Heart Fail. 2021; 8: 222–237. DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.13144
- Cho KI, Park JH, Lee CK, Kim SH, Ahan JM, Kim S, et al. Isolated and combined influences of diabetes and hypertension on the myocardial function and geometry. Korean Circ J. 2006; 36: 411. DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2006.36.6.411
- Previtali E, Bucciarelli P, Passamonti SM, Martinelli I. Risk factors for venous and arterial thrombosis. Blood Transfus. 2011; 9: 120–138. DOI: 10.2450/2010.0066-10
- Petrie JR, Guzik TJ, Touyz RM. Diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease: clinical insights and vascular mechanisms. Can J Cardiol. 2018; 34: 575–584. DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2017.12.005
- Lai Y-J, Chen H-C, Chou P. Gender Difference in the Interaction Effects of Diabetes and Hypertension on Stroke among the Elderly in the Shih-Pai Study, Taiwan. PLoS One. 2015; 10:
e0136634 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136634 - Meng X-Y, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Tang Z-H. The association and interaction analysis of hypertension and diabetes mellitus on diastolic heart failure in a high-risk population. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015; 8: 21311–21318.
- Tajik AA, Dobre D, Aguilar D, Kjekshus J, Zannad F, Dickstein K, et al. A history of diabetes predicts outcomes following myocardial infarction: an analysis of the 28 771 patients in the High-Risk MI Database. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017; 19: 635–642. DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.797
- Al-Delaimy WK, Manson JE, Solomon CG, Kawachi I, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, et al. Smoking and risk of coronary heart disease among women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med. 2002; 162: 273–279. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.162.3.273
- Ford ES, DeStefano F. Risk factors for mortality from all causes and from coronary heart disease among persons with diabetes. Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1991; 133: 1220–1230. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115834
- DeStefano F, Ford ES, Newman J, Stevenson JM, Wetterhall SF, Anda RF, et al. Risk factors for coronary heart disease mortality among persons with diabetes. Ann Epidemiol. 1993; 3: 27–34. DOI: 10.1016/1047-2797(93)90006-P
- U.S. National Cancer Institute and World Health Organization.
The Economics of Tobacco and Tobacco Control . National Cancer Institute Tobacco Control; 2016. - Awad HH, Tisminetzky M, Metry D, McManus D, Yarzebski J, Gore JM, et al. Magnitude, treatment, and impact of diabetes mellitus in patients hospitalized with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction: A community-based study. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2016; 13: 13–20. DOI: 10.1177/1479164115609027
- Ferrer Hita JJ, Domínguez Rodríguez A, García González MJ, Abreu González P, Bethencourt Muñoz M, Marrero Rodríguez F. Influence of diabetes mellitus on the management and prognosis of non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2006; 59: 383–386. DOI: 10.1016/S1885-5857(06)60776-7
- Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, Casey DE, Ganiats TG, Holmes DR, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients with Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014; 64: e139–228. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.09.017
- Granger CB, Goldberg RJ, Dabbous O, Pieper KS, Eagle KA, Cannon CP, et al. Predictors of hospital mortality in the global registry of acute coronary events. Arch Intern Med. 2003; 163: 2345–2353. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.163.19.2345
- Antman EM, Cohen M, Bernink PJ, McCabe CH, Horacek T, Papuchis G, et al. The TIMI risk score for unstable angina/non-ST elevation MI: A method for prognostication and therapeutic decision making. JAMA. 2000; 284: 835–842. DOI: 10.1001/jama.284.7.835
- Babu AS, Turk-Adawi K, Supervia M, Jimenez FL, Contractor A, Grace SL. Cardiac Rehabilitation in India: Results from the International Council of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation’s Global Audit of Cardiac Rehabilitation. Glob Heart. 2020; 15: 28. DOI: 10.5334/gh.783
- Huffman MD, Mohanan PP, Devarajan R, Baldridge AS, Kondal D, Zhao L, et al. Effect of a quality improvement intervention on clinical outcomes in patients in india with acute myocardial infarction: the ACS QUIK randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018; 319: 567–578. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2017.21906
