Figure 1
Number and percent of Brazilian (N = 400) and Colombian (N = 403) IMIAS respondents with detected or reported hypertension; number (%) of respondents with hypertension that reported a diagnosis (awareness); number (%) of diagnosed respondents who were under control.
Table 1
Factors Corresponding to Levels of the Socioecological (SE) Model among Latin American IMIAS respondents, by Study Site (n = 775).
| LEVEL OF THE SE MODEL | VARIABLE NAME | MANIZALES, COLOMBIA (n = 382) | NATAL, BRAZIL (n = 393) | P VALUE FOR CHI2 (ACROSS) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individual-Level | ||||
| Comorbidities | Diabetes1 | |||
| Yes | 53 (13.9%) | 125 (31.8%) | <0.01 | |
| Obesity2 | ||||
| Yes | 65 (17.0%) | 106 (27.0%) | <0.01 | |
| Sociodemographics | ||||
| Age | ||||
| 70–75 years | 178 (46.6%) | 183 (46.6%) | 0.99 | |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 190 (49.7%) | 208 (52.9%) | 0.38 | |
| Education | ||||
| Secondary or post-secondary | 63 (16.5%) | 41 (10.4%) | 0.01 | |
| Perceived income insufficiency | ||||
| Yes | 269 (70.4%) | 291 (74.1%) | 0.26 | |
| Behavioral | ||||
| Smoke3 | ||||
| Yes | 201(52.6%) | 198 (50.4%) | 0.53 | |
| Alcohol4 | ||||
| Yes | 240 (62.8%) | 325 (82.7%) | <0.01 | |
| Walking, 30 min/day5 | ||||
| Yes | 131 (34.3%) | 87 (22.1%) | <0.01 | |
| Interpersonal | ||||
| Social ties: partner6 | ||||
| High | 139 (36.4%) | 173 (44.0%) | 0.03 | |
| Social ties: children | ||||
| High | 239 (62.6%) | 272 (69.2%) | 0.05 | |
| Social ties: family | ||||
| High | 282 (73.8%) | 286 (72.8%) | 0.74 | |
| Social ties: friends | ||||
| High | 210 (55.0%) | 144 (36.6%) | <0.01 | |
| Institutional | ||||
| Usual Source of Care | ||||
| Yes | 378 (99.0%) | 252 (64.1%) | <0.01 | |
| Frequent visits to doctor7 | ||||
| Yes | 117 (30.6%) | 90 (22.9%) | 0.02 | |
| Medication taken in past 2 weeks8 | ||||
| Yes | 319 (83.5%) | 334 (85.0%) | 0.57 | |
| Community | ||||
| Participate in Religious Activities | ||||
| Yes | 348 (91.1%) | 357 (90.8%) | 0.90 | |
| Attend community center | ||||
| Yes | 137 (35.9%) | 100 (25.5%) | <0.01 | |
| Member of professional association | ||||
| Yes | 114 (29.8%) | 125 (31.8%) | 0.55 | |
| Stroll shops/stores | ||||
| Yes | 317 (83.0%) | 303 (77.1%) | 0.04 |
[i] 1 Self-reported doctor diagnosed diabetes or taking diabetes medication (all medications were shown to the interviewer and recorded).
2 Defined as a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 or greater.
3 This is defined by self-report. Current and former smokers are categorized as yes, while never smokers are categorized as no.
4 This is defined according to self-report. Those who report ever drinking alcohol are coded as yes, all others as no.
5 This is defined using a validated computer animated assessment tool that asked about usual, leisure, and fast walking.
6 All social ties measures compare high to low or none.
7 6 or more reported visits to the doctor per year.
8 Self-report of taking medication in the past 2 weeks.
Table 2
Bivariate associations between factors corresponding to the socio-ecological model and hypertension awareness and control, by study site (N = 575).
| MANIZALES | NATAL | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | AWARE | p-VALUE | n | CONTROL | p-VALUE | n | AWARE | p-VALUE | n | CONTROL | p-VALUE | |
| Diabetes | 42 | 41 (97.6%) | <0.01 | 41 | 19 (46.3%) | 0.54 | 106 | 101 (95.3%) | <0.01 | 101 | 25 (24.8%) | 0.12 |
| Obesity | 53 | 47 (88.7%) | 0.12 | 47 | 24 (51.1%) | 0.95 | 94 | 88 (93.6%) | 0.01 | 88 | 21 (23.9%) | 0.11 |
| 70–75 years | 122 | 101 (82.8%) | 0.56 | 101 | 53 (52.5%) | 0.62 | 147 | 126 (85.7%) | 1.00 | 126 | 30 (23.8%) | 0.03 |
| Female | 135 | 117 (86.7%) | 0.02 | 117 | 66 (56.4%) | 0.07 | 168 | 155 (92.3%) | <0.01 | 155 | 52 (33.6%) | 0.17 |
| (Post) secondary | 42 | 31 (73.8%) | 0.18 | 31 | 17 (54.8%) | 0.62 | 30 | 26 (86.7%) | 0.88 | 26 | 7 (26.9%) | 0.69 |
| Income insufficiency | 190 | 156 (82.1%) | 0.58 | 156 | 77 (49.4%) | 0.53 | 230 | 202 (87.8%) | 0.07 | 202 | 59 (29.2%) | 0.49 |
| Ever smoke | 137 | 104 (75.9%) | 0.02 | 104 | 48 (46.2%) | 0.20 | 154 | 129 (83.8%) | 0.33 | 129 | 32 (24.8%) | 0.06 |
| Ever alcohol | 174 | 147 (84.5%) | 0.07 | 147 | 72 (49.0%) | 0.47 | 255 | 221 (86.7%) | 0.30 | 221 | 68 (30.8%) | 0.71 |
| 30 min/day exercise | 91 | 71 (78.0%) | 0.33 | 71 | 40 (56.3%) | 0.25 | 64 | 54 (84.4%) | 0.73 | 54 | 17 (31.5%) | 0.83 |
| High social support from partner | 105 | 87 (82.9%) | 0.60 | 87 | 47 (54.0%) | 0.42 | 127 | 103 (81.1%) | 0.05 | 103 | 29 (28.2%) | 0.54 |
| High social support from children | 171 | 141 (82.5%) | 0.51 | 141 | 73 (51.8%) | 0.66 | 209 | 180 (86.1%) | 0.77 | 180 | 58 (32.2%) | 0.32 |
| High social support from family | 201 | 167 (83.1%) | 0.19 | 167 | 83 (49.7%) | 0.59 | 221 | 190 (86.0%) | 0.84 | 190 | 57 (30.0%) | 0.86 |
| High social support from friends | 147 | 123 (83.7%) | 0.27 | 123 | 58 (47.2%) | 0.23 | 106 | 94 (88.7%) | 0.28 | 94 | 28 (29.8%) | 0.89 |
| Usual source care | 264 | 215 (81.4%) | 0.51 | 215 | 110 (51.2%) | 0.15 | 201 | 180 (90.0%) | <0.01 | 180 | 62 (34.4%) | 0.03 |
| Frequent MD visits | 87 | 81 (93.1%) | <0.01 | 81 | 42 (51.9%) | 0.79 | 74 | 71 (96.0%) | <0.01 | 71 | 27 (38.0%) | 0.10 |
| Medication last 2 weeks | 239 | 210 (87.9%) | <0.01 | 210 | 109 (51.9%) | 0.05 | 276 | 252 (91.3%) | <0.01 | 252 | 79 (31.4%) | 0.10 |
| Religious activities | 242 | 197 (81.4%) | 0.86 | 197 | 104 (52.8%) | 0.05 | 282 | 243 (86.2%) | 0.45 | 243 | 73 (30.0%) | 0.75 |
| Community activities | 96 | 86 (89.6%) | 0.01 | 86 | 48 (55.8%) | 0.22 | 82 | 66 (80.5%) | 0.11 | 66 | 22 (33.3%) | 0.54 |
| Prof. association | 80 | 73 (91.3%) | 0.01 | 144 | 76 (52.8%) | 0.39 | 93 | 81 (87.1%) | 0.65 | 183 | 49 (26.8%) | 0.61 |
| Stroll shops | 220 | 180 (81.8%) | 0.622 | 180 | 94 (52.2%) | 0.32 | 237 | 204 (86.1%) | 0.74 | 204 | 69 (33.8%) | 0.02 |
| Total | 217 | 81.3% | NA | 110 | 50.7% | NA | 264 | 85.7% | NA | 80 | 30.3% | NA |
Table 3
Factors associated with hypertension awareness among Brazilian and Colombian IMIAS respondents (n = 575).
| ODDS RATIO | 95% CI | P-VALUE | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetes | 4.19 | 1.64–10.71 | <0.01 |
| Obese | 1.98 | 0.94–4.14 | 0.07 |
| 70–75 years | 0.92 | 0.54–1.57 | 0.75 |
| Female | 1.50 | 0.84–2.68 | 0.17 |
| (Post)secondary education | 0.53 | 0.25–1.11 | 0.09 |
| Income insufficiency | 1.85 | 1.03–3.31 | 0.04 |
| Medication taken in last 2 weeks | 18.86 | 9.61–37.41 | <0.01 |
| Site & Community activities interaction | |||
| Colombia, no community activities | 0.56 | 0.29–1.06 | 0.08 |
| Colombia, community activities | 1.16 | 0.47–2.86 | 0.74 |
| Brazil, community activities | 0.42 | 0.18–0.95 | 0.04 |
[i] Odds ratios obtained from logistic regression model.
Table 4
Factors associated with hypertension control among Brazilian and Colombian IMIAS respondents (n = 481).
| ODDS RATIO | 95% CI | P-VALUE | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 1.66 | 1.12–2.46 | 0.01 |
| Diabetes | 0.65 | 0.42–1.02 | 0.06 |
| Frequent MD visits | 1.43 | 0.94–2.16 | 0.09 |
| Stroll shops | 1.80 | 1.09–3.00 | 0.02 |
| Site & Age Interaction | |||
| Colombia, 64–69 | 1.63 | 0.97–2.73 | 0.07 |
| Colombia, 70–75 | 1.75 | 1.02–3.00 | 0.04 |
| Brazil, 70–75 | 0.57 | 0.33–0.99 | 0.05 |
[i] Odds ratios obtained from logistic regression model.