Table 1
Baseline characteristics according to the presence of the hypertension.
| VARIABLES, % | TOTAL | MALE | FEMALE | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HTN (N = 13,386) (9,965,619) | NON-HTN (N = 32,425) (28,790,253) | HTN (N = 6,509) (5,616,349) | NON-HTN (N = 13,467) (13,747,070) | HTN (N = 6,877) (4,349,270) | NON-HTN (N = 18,958) (15,043,183) | |
| Age, years | 55.8 ± 13.7 | 40.1 ± 14.1 | 52.1 ± 13.9 | 39.8 ± 14.2 | 60.5 ± 11.8 | 40.4 ± 14 |
| Sex (male/female) | 1.3 | 0.9 | – | – | – | – |
| Male | 43.6 % | 52.3 % | – | – | – | – |
| Female | 56.4 % | 47.7 % | – | – | – | – |
| Blood pressure, mmHg | – | – | – | – | ||
| Systolic | 134 ± 16 | 110 ± 11 | 133 ± 15 | 113 ± 10 | 134 ± 17 | 108 ± 11 |
| Diastolic | 84 ± 12 | 73 ± 8 | 87 ± 11 | 75 ± 8 | 81 ± 11 | 70 ± 8 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 69 ± 10 | 70 ± 9 | 69 ± 11 | 68 ± 9 | 70 ± 9 | 71 ± 9 |
| BMI, Kg/m2 | 25.1 ± 3.4 | 23.1 ± 3.3 | 25.1 ± 3.3 | 23.6 ± 3.1 | 25.1 ± 3.6 | 22.6 ± 3.3 |
| Diabetes | 19.3 % | 4.7 % | 18.4 % | 5.8 % | 20.5 % | 3.7 % |
| Impaired fasting glucose | 26.0 % | 12.8 % | 28.8 % | 15.5 % | 22.5 % | 10.4 % |
| Arrhythmia | 2.1 % | 1.1 % | 2.2 % | 1.3 % | 2.0 % | 0.8 % |
| Dyslipidemia | 50.8 % | 26.8 % | 51.9 % | 34 % | 49.3 % | 20.2 % |
| Ischemic heart disease | 3.9 % | 0.8 % | 3.4 % | 1.0 % | 4.5 % | 0.7 % |
| Myocardial infarction | 1.3 % | 0.3 % | 1.5 % | 0.5 % | 1.1 % | 0.2 % |
| Angina pectoris | 2.7 % | 0.6 % | 2.1 % | 0.6 % | 3.6 % | 0.5 % |
| Stroke | 3.6 % | 0.5 % | 3.5 % | 0.6 % | 3.7 % | 0.4 % |
| Disability | 2.3 % | 0.3 % | 2.2 % | 0.4 % | 2.4 % | 0.2 % |
| Chronic renal failure | 0.9 % | 0.1 % | 0.6 % | 0.1 % | 1.1 % | 0.2 % |
| Thyroid disease | 3.1 % | 2.7 % | 0.9 % | 0.7 % | 5.8 % | 4.5 % |
| Pulmonary disease | 17.7 % | 6.7 % | 20.8 % | 8.9 % | 13.6 % | 4.7 % |
| Obstructive | 9.3 % | 3.6 % | 12.3 % | 5.6 % | 5.4 % | 1.8 % |
| Restrictive | 8.3 % | 3.1 % | 8.4 % | 3.3 % | 8.2 % | 3.0 % |
| Anemia | 6.6 % | 7.2 % | 3.8 % | 1.7 % | 10.3 % | 12.2 % |
| Cancer | 3.3 % | 1.8 % | 2.6 % | 1.4 % | 4.2 % | 2.1 % |
| Depression disorder | 5.1 % | 4.0 % | 2.4 % | 2.0 % | 8.5 % | 5.9 % |
| Current alcohol | 67.9 % | 75.7 % | 82.3 % | 82.4 % | 49.3 % | 69.5 % |
| Current smokers | 31.6 % | 29.6 % | 51.3 % | 52.1 % | 6.0 % | 9.0 % |
[i] Data are presented as percentage, % or mean ± standard deviation. HTN: hypertension, BMI: body mass index.
Figure 1
Trends in hypertension according to age in the Korean population by a crude logistic regression modelanalysis.
Figure 2
Trends in cardiovascular disease according to the duration of hypertension in the Korean population by a crude logistic regression model analysis.
HR: hazard ratio, CI: confidence interval.
Figure 3
Treatment of hypertension and achievement of targeted blood pressure (BP) according to the duration of hypertension in the Korean population.
Table 2
Impact of achieving a target blood pressure on IHD or stroke in the hypertensive population by unadjusted/adjusted logistic regression analysis for sex, age, and glucose control via hemoglobin A1c level.
| PREVALENCE, % | TOTAL (N = 13,386) (9,965,619) | ATBP (N = 7,444) (5,967,772) | NON-ATBP (N = 5,942) (3,997,847) | P VALUE | UNADJUSTED HR [95% CI] | ADJUSTED HR [95% CI] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stroke | 3.6 % | 2.3 % | 5.5 % | <0.001 | 0.408 [0.405–0.411] | 0.628 [0.622–0.634] |
| Ischemic heart disease | 3.9 % | 2.5 % | 5.9 % | <0.001 | 0.414 [0.411–0.417] | 0.723 [0.717–0.729] |
| Myocardial infarction | 1.3 % | 0.9 % | 2.0 % | <0.001 | 0.448 [0.443–0.453] | 0.693 [0.683–0.703] |
| Angina pectoris | 2.7 % | 1.7 % | 4.2 % | <0.001 | 0.399 [0.395–0.402] | 0.706 [0.699–0.713] |
[i] aTBP: achieve target blood pressure (< 90/140 mmHg), HR: hazard ratio, CI: confidence interval.
Table 3
Predictors for the failure of achieving target blood pressure in the hypertensive population by multiple logistic regression analysis.
| PREDICTORS | HR (95% CI) | P VALUE |
|---|---|---|
| Anemia | 1.179 (1.177–1.182) | <0.001 |
| Prior stroke | 1.109 (1.106–1.112) | <0.001 |
| Age (per 5-year increment) | 1.085 (1.084–1.085) | <0.001 |
| Sex (male vs. female) | 1.051 (1.05–1.0530) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.036 (1.035–1.038) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index: BMI, kg/m2 | <0.001 | |
| 18 ≤ BMI < 24 | Control | |
| BMI < 18 | 0.918 (0.911–0.925) | <0.001 |
| BMI ≥ 24 | 0.943 (0.942–0.944) | <0.001 |
| Pulmonary disease | 0.954 (0.952–0.955) | <0.001 |
| Duration of hypertension (per 5-year increment) | 0.946 (0.946–0.947) | <0.001 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 0.945 (0.943–0.948) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 0.928 (0.927–0.929) | <0.001 |
[i] HR: hazard ratio, CI: confidence interval. Variables in the table were selected as well-known variables correlated with hypertension and presented in descending order of hazard ratio.