Table 1
Sociodemographic and health characteristics of the study participants.
| COUNTRY | POOLED DATA | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| CHARACTERISTICS (%) | GHANA, N = 3,128 | SOUTH AFRICA, N = 1,062 | BOTH COUNTRIES, N = 4,190 |
| Age, (mean) SD | 61.9 (9.7) | 61.4 (8.4) | 61.6 (8.9) |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 47.7 | 44.9 | 46.0 |
| Female | 52.3 | 55.1 | 54.0 |
| Education | |||
| No formal education | 41.5 | 17.0 | 26.7 |
| Primary | 28.3 | 40.5 | 35.7 |
| Secondary | 26.5 | 35.8 | 32.2 |
| Tertiary | 3.7 | 6.6 | 5.5 |
| Employment | |||
| Public | 7.8 | 9.8 | 9.0 |
| Private | 4.4 | 43.5 | 28.0 |
| Self-employed | 69.7 | 9.6 | 33.3 |
| Informal employment | 16.2 | 29.0 | 24.0 |
| Unemployed | 1.9 | 8.2 | 5.7 |
| Place of residence | |||
| Urban | 47.9 | 85.8 | 70.9 |
| Rural | 52.1 | 14.2 | 29.1 |
| Chronic diseases | |||
| Abdominal obesity | 47.0 | 62.5 | 56.4 |
| Hypertension | 37.1 | 56.4 | 48.8 |
| General obesity | 13.4 | 39.0 | 28.9 |
| Arthritis | 20.4 | 21.4 | 21.0 |
| Asthma | 8.3 | 16.3 | 13.2 |
| Cataract | 7.2 | 9.5 | 8.6 |
| Diabetes | 2.6 | 12.0 | 8.3 |
| Angina | 8.4 | 6.0 | 6.9 |
| Chronic lung disease | 4.5 | 7.4 | 6.2 |
| Depression | 4.5 | 6.4 | 5.6 |
| Stroke | 1.2 | 2.4 | 1.9 |
| † Concordant cardiometabolic multimorbidity | 29.9 | 56.3 | 45.9 |
| ‡ Discordant cardiometabolic multimorbidity | 26.6 | 38.4 | 33.8 |
[i] Cells are weighted row percentages unless otherwise specified.
† Concordant cardiometabolic multimorbidity is defined as the simultaneous presence of two or more cardiometabolic diseases including angina pectoris, stroke, diabetes, hypertension, and obesity.
‡ Discordant cardiometabolic multimorbidity is defined as the simultaneous presence of at least one cardiometabolic disease and one or more chronic diseases with unrelated pathophysiology or pharmacological treatment plans such as chronic lung disease, asthma, arthritis, cataracts, and depression.
Figure 1
Latent classes of concordant and discordant cardiometabolic multimorbidity.
Figure 2
Latent classes of disability severity levels.
Figure 3
Dendrogram of concordant and discordant cardiometabolic multimorbidity clusters.
Table 2
Distribution of disability severity levels.
| CHARACTERISTICS | DISABILITY LEVELS | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| NO DISABILITY | MODERATE | SEVERE | |
| N = 2,387 | N = 1,425 | N = 378 | |
| Age, (mean) SD | 59.6 (7.6) | 63.9 (9.3) | 68.4 (11.2) |
| ** Sex | |||
| Male | 72.0 | 22.2 | 5.8 |
| Female | 57.6 | 30.9 | 11.5 |
| **Education | |||
| No formal education | 51.0 | 36.0 | 13.0 |
| Primary | 62.6 | 27.8 | 9.5 |
| Secondary | 73.7 | 20.3 | 6.0 |
| Tertiary | 83.3 | 15.1 | 1.6 |
| ** Employment | |||
| Public | 70.3 | 26.1 | 3.5 |
| Private | 70.4 | 20.6 | 9.0 |
| Self-employed | 60.4 | 32.9 | 6.7 |
| Informal employment | 62.3 | 27.7 | 9.9 |
| Informal | 62.2 | 27.8 | 10.0 |
| Unemployed | 52.2 | 22.1 | 25.7 |
| Residence | |||
| Urban | 64.5 | 26.0 | 9.5 |
| Rural | 63.7 | 29.1 | 7.3 |
| *Study country | |||
| Ghana | 61.0 | 31.9 | 7.1 |
| SA | 66.3 | 23.7 | 10.0 |
| **Concordant & discordant cardiometabolic multimorbidity classes | |||
| Class 1: minimal cardiometabolic multimorbidity | 68.0 | 26.2 | 5.9 |
| Class 2: general and abdominal obesity class | 66.6 | 25.5 | 7.9 |
| Class 3: hypertension, abdominal obesity, diabetes, cataracts, and arthritis | 44.0 | 32.5 | 23.5 |
| Class 4: angina, chronic lung disease, asthma, & depression | 47.5 | 31.8 | 20.7 |
| Total | 64.1 | 27.0 | 8.9 |
[i] Cells are weighted row percentages, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.001.
Class 1 comprised participants with minimal cardiometabolic multimorbidity. Class 2 comprised participants with high probabilities of general and abdominal obesity. Class 3 comprised participants with high probabilities of hypertension, diabetes, cataracts, and arthritis. Class 4 comprised participants with high probabilities of angina, chronic lung disease, asthma, and depression.
Figure 4
Ordinal regression of cardiometabolic multimorbidity classes associated with disability.