Table 1
Characteristics of study participants.
| PARTICIPANTS | |
|---|---|
| Participants | 1,240 |
| Sex | |
| Male | 650 (52.4%) |
| Female | 590 (47.6%) |
| Age (years) | |
| Median (IQR, range) | 38 (26–53, 18–93) |
| 18–29 | 427 (34.4%) |
| 30–39 | 228 (18.4%) |
| 40–49 | 189 (15.2%) |
| 50–59 | 199 (16.1%) |
| ≥60 | 197 (15.9%) |
| Education | |
| None | 175 (14.1%) |
| Primary | 254 (20.5%) |
| Secondary | 610 (49.2%) |
| Higher than secondary | 201 (16.2%) |
| Income | |
| ≤1 USD/day | 869 (70.1%) |
| >1 USD/day | 371 (29.9%) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |
| Median (IQR) | 23 (21–27) |
| Underweight (<18.5) | 80 (6.5%) |
| Normal (18.5–24.9) | 636 (51.3%) |
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 324 (26.1%) |
| Obese (≥30.0) | 200 (16.1%) |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | |
| Median (IQR, range) – SBP | 117 (107–134, 80–240) |
| Median (IQR, range) – DBP | 70 (61–82, 38–147) |
| Normal blood pressure (SBP <120 and DBP <80) | 668 (53.9%) |
| Pre-hypertension (SBP 120–139 or DBP 80–89) | 283 (22.8%) |
| Hypertension (SBP ≥140 or DBP ≥90 or on medication) | 289 (23.3%) |
[i] Note: Categories may not sum to 100% due to rounding.
IQR = interquartile range, USD = United States dollar, BMI = body-mass index, SBP = systolic blood pressure, DBP = diastolic blood pressure.
Table 2
Estimated dietary sodium intake (grams/day) using three validated methods.
| MEAN (95% CI) | % OF POPULATION ABOVE 2 g/DAY OF SODIUM* | |
|---|---|---|
| Kawasaki method | 5.0 (4.8, 5.1) | 97.9% |
| Tanaka method | 3.8 (3.7, 3.8) | 97.7% |
| INTERSALT method | 3.5 (3.4, 3.5) | 94.2% |
[i] * World Health Organization recommended maximum daily intake.
CI = confidence interval.
Table 3
Estimated dietary sodium intake (grams/day), by demographic group.
| DEMOGRAPHIC GROUP | MEAN (95% CI) | P-VALUE* |
|---|---|---|
| Sex | <0.001 | |
| Male | 5.4 (5.2, 5.6) | |
| Female | 4.5 (4.3, 4.6) | |
| Age (years) | <0.001 | |
| 18–29 | 5.4 (5.3, 5.6) | |
| 30–39 | 5.0 (4.8, 5.2) | |
| 40–49 | 4.8 (4.5, 5.0) | |
| 50–59 | 4.7 (4.5, 5.0) | |
| ≥60 | 4.3 (3.9, 4.6) | |
| Education | <0.001 | |
| None | 4.4 (4.1, 4.7) | |
| Primary | 4.7 (4.4, 5.0) | |
| Secondary | 5.1 (4.9, 5.2) | |
| Higher than secondary | 5.3 (5.1, 5.5) | |
| Income | 0.16 | |
| ≤1 USD/day | 5.0 (4.9, 5.1) | |
| >1 USD/day | 4.8 (4.6, 5.0) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | <0.001 | |
| Underweight (<18.5) | 5.0 (4.7, 5.3) | |
| Normal (18.5–24.9) | 5.0 (4.9, 5.2) | |
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 5.1 (4.8, 5.3) | |
| Obese (≥30.0) | 4.4 (4.2, 4.7) |
[i] * P-value based on Wilcoxon rank-sum test for comparisons between two groups and Kruskal-Wallis test for comparisons between three or more groups.
Figure 1
Systolic blood pressure by sodium consumption quartile, stratified by age group.
Figure 2
Sodium intake comparison between systolic blood pressure groups, stratified by age group.