Table 1
Definition of Cardiovascular health.
| CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| IDEAL = 2 POINTS | MODERATE = 1 POINT | POOR = 0 POINT | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | <25 | 25–29.9 | >30 |
| Smoking | Never, quit over 1year | Former, quit less than 1 year | Current |
| Diet | Top 40% | Second 40% | Lowest 20% |
| Blood pressure, mmHg | <120/80 without medication | Systolic 120–139 Diastolic 80–89 Treated <120/80 | >140/90 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | <200 without medication | 200–239 Treated <200 | >=240 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | <100 without medication | 100–125 Treated <100 | >=126 |
| Physical activity | Top 40% | Second 40% | Lowest 20% |
Table 2
Characteristics of Participants at Baseline and Y20 (n = 2935).
| Y0 | Y20 | |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||
| Male | 1285 (43.8%) | |
| Female | 1650 (56.2%) | |
| Race | ||
| Black | 1372 (46.7%) | |
| White | 1563 (53.3%) | |
| Education | 13.9 (1.99) | 14.7 (1.91) |
| Age, years | 25.0 (3.59) | 45.2 (3.57) |
| Alcohol consumption | ||
| Never | 396 (13.5%) | 643 (21.9%) |
| Current/Ever | 2539 (86.5%) | 2292 (78.1%) |
| Smoking status | ||
| Never | 750 (25.6%) | 563 (19.2%) |
| Ever | 168 (5.72%) | 67 (2.28%) |
| Current | 2017 (68.7%) | 2305 (78.5%) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.2 (4.59) | 29.2 (6.43) |
| SBP, mmHg | 110 (10.7) | 116 (14.5) |
| DBP, mmHg | 68.5 (9.35) | 72.0 (11.1) |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 177 (32.9) | 185 (34.7) |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 82.1 (12.2) | 97.9 (26.4) |
| Physical activity | 422 (300) | 338 (277) |
| Medicine for lowering blood pressure | ||
| No | 2872 (98.0%) | 2430 (82.9%) |
| Yes | 60 (2.05%) | 501 (17.1%) |
| Medicine for lowering high cholesterol | ||
| No | 569 (99.8%) | 2663 (91.0%) |
| Yes | 1 (0.18%) | 264 (9.02%) |
| Medicine for lowering blood glucose | ||
| No | 566 (99.3%) | 2791 (95.3%) |
| Yes | 4 (0.70%) | 138 (4.71%) |
| CVH score | 10.8 (1.94) | 9.50 (2.41) |
| CVH Class | ||
| Low | 163 (5.55%) | 641 (21.8%) |
| Moderate | 1649 (56.2%) | 1654 (56.4%) |
| High | 1123 (38.3%) | 640 (21.8%) |
| Change of CVH score | –1.26 (2.13) | |
| Prevalence of CAC | 744/2812 (26.5%) | |
| Prevalence of IMT | 98/2691 (3.6%) | |
[i] Abbreviation: BMI = body mass index, SBP = systolic blood pressure, DBP = diastolic blood pressure, CVH = Cardiovascular health, CAC = Coronary artery calcification, IMT = intima-media thickness.
Figure 1
Distribution of Cardiovascular health scores.
Table 3
Baseline and Changes of Cardiovascular health with Prevalence of CAC (n = 2812).
| MODEL 1 | MODEL 2 | MODEL 3* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95%CI) | P-VALUE | OR (95%CI) | P-VALUE | OR (95%CI) | P-VALUE | |
| Baseline | ||||||
| Per 1 point increase | 0.80 (0.77, 0.83) | <0.001 | 0.80 (0.76, 0.84) | <0.001 | 0.81 (0.78, 0.86) | <0.001 |
| Changes of CVH | ||||||
| Per 1 point increase | 0.95 (0.91, 0.99) | 0.007 | 0.94 (0.90, 0.98) | 0.005 | 0.86 (0.82, 0.90) | <0.001 |
[i] Abbreviation: CAC = Coronary artery calcification, OR = Odds ratio, CVH = Cardiovascular health.
Model 1: Unadjusted.
Model 2: Adjusted by age, gender, race, education.
Model 3: Adjusted by age, gender, race, education, current drinker, history of hypertension, history of diabetes.
* In analysis of changes of CVH, Model 3 was adjusted both by baseline CVH score.
Table 4
Changes from different baseline CVH Class with Prevalence of CAC (n = 2812).
| N/N | MODEL 1 | MODEL 2 | MODEL 3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95%CI) | P-VALUE | OR (95%CI) | P-VALUE | OR (95%CI) | P-VALUE | ||
| Change from low class | 65/151 | ||||||
| Low to Low | 46/98 | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Low to Moderate/High | 19/53 | 0.63 (0.32, 1.26) | 0.190 | 0.65 (0.31, 1.36) | 0.252 | 0.77 (0.36, 1.65) | 0.494 |
| Change from moderate class | 483/1584 | ||||||
| Moderate to Moderate | 278/973 | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Moderate to Low | 179/447 | 1.67 (1.32, 2.11) | <0.001 | 1.88 (1.46, 2.43) | <0.001 | 1.71 (1.32, 2.23) | <0.001 |
| Moderate to High | 26/164 | 0.47 (0.30, 0.73) | 0.001 | 0.52 (0.32, 0.82) | 0.005 | 0.55 (0.35, 0.89) | 0.014 |
| Change from High class | 196/1077 | ||||||
| High to High | 69/446 | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| High to low | 23/66 | 2.92 (1.66, 5.16) | <0.001 | 3.80 (1.97, 7.32) | <0.001 | 3.48 (1.80, 6.73) | <0.001 |
| High to moderate | 104/565 | 1.23 (0.88, 1.72) | 0.219 | 1.30 (0.90, 1.87) | 0.170 | 1.18 (0.81, 1.72) | 0.397 |
[i] Abbreviation: Ref = Reference, CAC = Coronary artery calcification, OR = Odds ratio, CVH = Cardiovascular health.
Model 1: Unadjusted.
Model 2: Adjusted by age, gender, race, education.
Model 3: Adjusted by age, gender, race, education, current drinker, history of hypertension, history of diabetes.
Table 5
Baseline and Changes of Cardiovascular health with Prevalence of abnormal IMT (n = 2691).
| MODEL 1 | MODEL 2 | MODEL 3* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95%CI) | P-VALUE | OR (95%CI) | P-VALUE | OR (95%CI) | P-VALUE | |
| Baseline | ||||||
| Per 1 point increase | 0.76 (0.70, 0.84) | <0.001 | 0.82 (0.74, 0.91) | <0.001 | 0.85 (0.76, 0.94) | 0.002 |
| Changes of CVH | ||||||
| Per 1 point increase | 0.88 (0.80, 0.97) | 0.009 | 0.89 (0.81, 0.98) | 0.020 | 0.81 (0.73, 0.90) | <0.001 |
[i] Abbreviation: IMT = Intima-media thickness, OR = Odds ratio, CVH = Cardiovascular health.
Model 1: Unadjusted.
Model 2: Adjusted by age, gender, race, education.
Model 3: Adjusted by age, gender, race, education, current drinker, history of hypertension, history of diabetes.
* In analysis of changes of CVH, Model 3 was adjusted both by baseline CVH score.
