Figure 1
Flow chart of the publication selection.
CVD: cardiovascular disease; ES: effect size; HR: hazard ratio; SBP: mean systolic blood pressure; SBPB: mean systolic blood pressure at baseline.
Table 1
Characteristics of the selected studies.
| SEX | STUDY* | ID | SAMPLE SIZE | ES | REPORTED ES [95% CI]† | UNIT (mmHg) | SBPB(mmHg) | AGE (YEAR) | SMOKING (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | APCSC [73] | F-APCSC | 168910 | HR | 1.38 [1.25, 1.51] | 10 | 119 | 42 | 5 |
| PREDICT [74] | F-PREDICT | 7039 | HR | 1.23 [1.12, 1.36] | 10 | 126.1 | 52.9 | 1 | |
| CONOR [74] | F-CONOR | 967 | HR | 1.06 [0.85, 1.31] | 10 | 119.1 | 40.3 | 1 | |
| SUITA [75] | F-SUITA-1 | 504 | HR | 1.17 [0.32, 4.34] | 16.9 | 122.4 | 54 | 11.7 | |
| F-SUITA-2 | 465 | HR | 1.83 [0.58, 5.75] | 26.9 | 132.4 | 58.9 | 9.2 | ||
| TLGS [76] | F-TLGS | 3642 | HR | 1.01 [1.004, 1.015] | 1 | 122 | 46.5 | 3.6 | |
| Male | APCSC [73] | M-APCSC | 331909 | HR | 1.38 [1.28, 1.46] | 10 | 122 | 45 | 59 |
| JPHC [39] | M-JPHC-1 | 2456 | HR | 1.35 [0.63, 2.88] | 10 | 125 | 53.1 | 45.9 | |
| M-JPHC-2 | 2483 | HR | 1.32 [0.62, 2.80] | 20 | 135 | 54.6 | 44.6 | ||
| M-JPHC-3 | 3371 | HR | 1.98 [0.99, 3.98] | 35 | 150 | 56 | 43.2 | ||
| M-JPHC-4 | 1028 | HR | 2.69 [1.23, 5.89] | 55 | 170 | 56.5 | 40.3 | ||
| M-JPHC-5 | 288 | HR | 3.74 [1.47, 9.53] | 75 | 190 | 56.3 | 44.5 | ||
| PREDICT [74] | M-PREDICT | 9997 | HR | 1.03 [0.96, 1.11] | 10 | 125.3 | 47.4 | 9 | |
| CONOR [74] | M-CONOR | 1239 | HR | 1.14 [0.98, 1.32] | 10 | 126.6 | 41.4 | 25 | |
| SESSA [77] | M-SESSA | 996 | OR | 1.21 [1.03, 1.43] | 19 | 136.1 | 64 | 32.2 | |
| SUITA [75] | M-SUITA-1 | 502 | HR | 1.78 [0.75, 4.22] | 13.9 | 121.7 | 54 | 49.6 | |
| M-SUITA-2 | 463 | HR | 2.32 [1.02, 5.27] | 23.6 | 131.4 | 57.5 | 46.3 |
[i] CI: confidence interval; ES: effect size; HR: hazard ratio; ID: identification; OR: odds ratio; SBPB: mean systolic blood pressure at baseline; Smoking: the proportion of smokers (APCSC, CONOR, JPHC, PREDICT, SESSA, and SUITA represent current smokers; TLGS represents current and former smokers).
* Abbreviations of study names: APCSC: Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration; PREDIECT: PREDICT-CVD Cohort Study; CONOR: Cohort of Norway, including Oslo Health Study, Oslo Immigrant Health Study, and The Romsås in Motion Study; SUITA: The Suita Study; TLGS: The Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study; JPHC: Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study; SESSA: Shiga Epidemiological Study of Subclinical Atherosclerosis.
† The reported ES and corresponding CI were further adjusted if multiple ESs that depend on the same BP reference group were adopted from one publication.
Figure 2
Observed and estimated ESs for the CVD risk per 10-mmHg increase in SBP in Asia.
Table 2
Moderator estimators for CVD risk in Asian populations via meta-regression.
| MODEL | MODERATOR | eβ | 95% CI | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Optimal | Sex (1: female; 0: male) | 1.232 | [1.065, 1.426] | 0.02† |
| Smoking (%) | 1.006 | [1.003, 1.009] | <0.01† | |
| Full | Sex (1: female; 0: male) | 1.212 | [1.039, 1.413] | 0.03† |
| Smoking (%) | 1.006 | [1.003, 1.010] | <0.01† | |
| SBPB (mmHg) | 0.999 | [0.996, 1.002] | 0.72 | |
| Age (years) | 0.998 | [0.990, 1.006] | 0.66 |
[i] CI: confidence interval; SBPB: mean systolic blood pressure at baseline; Smoking: the proportion of smokers.
† Significant (P < 0.05).
Figure 3
Funnel plot of the publication bias for effect sizes in Asia.