Table 1
Comparison of demographic factors, presentation, risk factors, baseline vitals, and laboratory investigations between patients with and without stent thrombosis.
| CHARACTERISTICS | TOTAL | STENT THROMBOSIS | P-VALUE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NO | YES | |||
| Total (N) | 1756 | 1670 (95.1%) | 86 (4.9%) | – |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 79% (1388) | 78.7% (1314) | 86% (74) | 0.102a |
| Female | 21% (368) | 21.3% (356) | 14% (12) | |
| Age (years) | 55.59 ± 11.23 | 55.44 ± 11.22 | 58.45 ± 11.16 | 0.015b |
| <45 years | 14.7% (258) | 15% (251) | 8.1% (7) | 0.072a |
| 45 to 64 years | 61% (1072) | 61.1% (1021) | 59.3% (51) | |
| ≥65 years | 24.3% (426) | 23.8% (398) | 32.6% (28) | |
| Total ischemic time (minutes) | 355 (490–240) | 355 (490–240) | 330 (570–240) | 0.748c |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 131.6 ± 25.9 | 131.6 ± 25.9 | 131.8 ± 26.8 | 0.963b |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 85.4 ± 20.3 | 85.3 ± 20.3 | 89.2 ± 20.6 | 0.080b |
| Random glucose level (mg/dL) | 160 (213–130) | 158 (211–130) | 168.5 (260–137) | 0.023c |
| Hemoglobin level (mg/dL) | 13.64 ± 1.93 | 13.64 ± 1.93 | 13.55 ± 1.94 | 0.682b |
| Neutrophil count (cells/µL) | 11.94 ± 11.65 | 11.79 ± 11.3 | 14.77 ± 16.94 | 0.021b |
| Platelet count (cells/µL) | 242.8 (276.5–195) | 242.8 (277–194) | 242.8 (254–211) | 0.665c |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) on arrival | 1.03 ± 0.44 | 1.02 ± 0.44 | 1.1 ± 0.43 | 0.156b |
| Killip class | ||||
| I | 75.5% (1326) | 76.3% (1274) | 60.5% (52) | 0.014d |
| II | 13.1% (230) | 12.8% (213) | 19.8% (17) | |
| III | 7.3% (128) | 6.9% (116) | 14% (12) | |
| IV | 4.1% (72) | 4% (67) | 5.8% (5) | |
| Type of myocardial infarction (MI) | ||||
| Anterior | 55.5% (974) | 55.3% (923) | 59.3% (51) | 0.058d |
| Inferior | 16.3% (286) | 16.5% (275) | 12.8% (11) | |
| Inferior with RV | 18.2% (320) | 18.1% (302) | 20.9% (18) | |
| Inferio-posterior | 8.4% (147) | 8.6% (143) | 4.7% (4) | |
| Lateral | 1.7% (29) | 1.6% (27) | 2.3% (2) | |
| Aborted myocardial infarction | 1.9% (34) | 2% (34) | 0% (0) | 0.409e |
| Intubated | 13.8% (242) | 13.4% (223) | 22.1% (19) | 0.022a |
| Arrhythmias on arrival | 14.5% (254) | 14.4% (240) | 16.3% (14) | 0.624a |
| Cardiac arrest on arrival | 4.6% (81) | 4.3% (72) | 10.5% (9) | 0.015e |
| Co-morbid conditions | ||||
| Hypertension | 56.5% (993) | 55.7% (931) | 72.1% (62) | 0.003a |
| Smoking | 31.7% (556) | 32.2% (538) | 20.9% (18) | 0.028a |
| Diabetes mellitus | 36.8% (647) | 36.2% (605) | 48.8% (42) | 0.018a |
| Prior history of CVA/TIA | 2% (35) | 1.9% (32) | 3.5% (3) | 0.244e |
| Chronic kidney disease | 1.3% (22) | 1.3% (22) | 0% (0) | 0.622e |
| Prior myocardial infarction | 7.6% (134) | 5.3% (88) | 53.5% (46) | <0.001a |
[i] CVA = cerebrovascular accident, TIA = transient ischemic attack.
a Chi-square test.
b Independent-sample t-test.
c Mann-Whitney U test.
d Likelihood Ratio test.
e Fisher’s Exact test.
Table 2
Comparison of angiographic and procedural characteristics, post-procedure complications, and in-hospital outcomes between patients with and without stent thrombosis.
| CHARACTERISTICS | TOTAL | STENT THROMBOSIS | P-VALUE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NO | YES | |||
| Total (N) | 1756 | 1670 (95.1%) | 86 (4.9%) | – |
| Access for procedure | ||||
| Radial | 68.2% (1197) | 68.8% (1149) | 55.8% (48) | 0.008d |
| Femoral | 30.4% (534) | 29.7% (496) | 44.2% (38) | |
| Switchover | 1.4% (25) | 1.5% (25) | 0% (0) | |
| LV end-diastolic pressure (mmHg) | 19.7 ± 6.6 | 19.5 ± 6.5 | 22.3 ± 7.8 | <0.001b |
| <20 mmHg | 48.1% (845) | 49% (819) | 30.2% (26) | 0.001a |
| ≥20 mmHg | 51.9% (911) | 51% (851) | 69.8% (60) | |
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 39.5 ± 9.3 | 39.6 ± 9.3 | 38.3 ± 8.7 | 0.186b |
| Temporary pacemaker implanted | 6.7% (118) | 6.8% (113) | 5.8% (5) | 0.731a |
| Intra-aortic balloon pump used | 4.8% (84) | 4.4% (74) | 11.6% (10) | 0.007d |
| Number of vessels involved | ||||
| Single vessel disease | 36.7% (645) | 37.2% (621) | 27.9% (24) | 0.101a |
| Two vessel disease | 34.2% (600) | 34.2% (571) | 33.7% (29) | |
| Three vessel disease | 29.1% (511) | 28.6% (478) | 38.4% (33) | |
| Recanalised vessel | 5% (87) | 5.1% (85) | 2.3% (2) | 0.438e |
| Culprit coronary artery | ||||
| Left main | 1.3% (23) | 1.3% (22) | 1.2% (1) | 0.224d |
| LAD; Proximal | 36% (633) | 35.6% (595) | 44.2% (38) | |
| LAD; Non-Proximal | 19% (334) | 19.3% (322) | 14% (12) | |
| Right coronary artery | 31.3% (550) | 31.3% (522) | 32.6% (28) | |
| Left circumflex | 11.3% (198) | 11.6% (193) | 5.8% (5) | |
| Diagonal | 1% (18) | 1% (16) | 2.3% (2) | |
| Pre-procedure TIMI flow | ||||
| 0 | 62.8% (1102) | 61.8% (1032) | 81.4% (70) | 0.003a |
| I | 9.6% (168) | 9.8% (164) | 4.7% (4) | |
| II | 15.6% (274) | 16.1% (269) | 5.8% (5) | |
| III | 12.1% (212) | 12.3% (205) | 8.1% (7) | |
| Thrombus Grade | ||||
| G1 | 3.1% (55) | 3.1% (52) | 3.5% (3) | 0.002d |
| G2 | 3.5% (62) | 3.7% (61) | 1.2% (1) | |
| G3 | 13.5% (237) | 13.9% (232) | 5.8% (5) | |
| G4 | 17.1% (300) | 17.5% (293) | 8.1% (7) | |
| G5 | 62.8% (1102) | 61.8% (1032) | 81.4% (70) | |
| Pre-balloon used | ||||
| Not done | 53% (931) | 53.4% (891) | 46.5% (40) | 0.179d |
| Dottering | 3% (53) | 3.1% (52) | 1.2% (1) | |
| Dilatation | 44% (772) | 43.5% (727) | 52.3% (45) | |
| Non-compliant (NC) balloon used | 81.4% (1429) | 81.6% (1363) | 76.7% (66) | 0.258a |
| Mean vessel diameter | 3.5 ± 0.3 | 3.5 ± 0.3 | 3.5 ± 0.3 | 0.645b |
| Total lesion length | 27.9 ± 11.9 | 27.8 ± 11.9 | 28.3 ± 12.3 | 0.702b |
| Fluoroscopic-time (minutes) | 15.1 ± 8.3 | 15.1 ± 8.3 | 14.6 ± 7.4 | 0.529b |
| Contrast volume (ml) | 120.3 ± 37.4 | 120.6 ± 37.3 | 114.5 ± 38.4 | 0.137b |
| Intra-procedure slow-flow/no-reflow | 30.4% (533) | 29.8% (497) | 41.9% (36) | 0.017a |
| Post-procedure TIMI flow | ||||
| 0 | 0.3% (6) | 0.4% (6) | 0% (0) | 0.006d |
| I | 1.5% (27) | 1.4% (23) | 4.7% (4) | |
| II | 8.5% (150) | 8.1% (135) | 17.4% (15) | |
| III | 89.6% (1573) | 90.2% (1506) | 77.9% (67) | |
| Reperfusion arrhythmias | 23.9% (419) | 24.1% (403) | 18.6% (16) | 0.241a |
| Post-procedure complications and in-hospital outcomes | ||||
| In-hospital death | 3.5% (61) | 3.1% (51) | 11.6% (10) | 0.001e |
| Contrast induced nephropathy | 9.6% (169) | 9.6% (160) | 10.5% (9) | 0.786a |
| Arrhythmias | 3.6% (63) | 3.3% (55) | 9.3% (8) | 0.101e |
| Access site complications | 0.7% (13) | 0.8% (13) | 0% (0) | >0.999e |
| Bleeding | 0.9% (16) | 0.8% (13) | 3.5% (3) | 0.040e |
| Cardiogenic shock | 3.9% (68) | 3.6% (60) | 9.3% (8) | 0.016e |
| CVA/TIA | 0.2% (4) | 0.2% (4) | 0% (0) | >0.999e |
| Re-infarction | 1% (18) | 0.4% (6) | 14% (12) | <0.001e |
[i] LV = left ventricular, LAD = left anterior descending artery, TIMI = thrombolysis in myocardial infarction, CVA = cerebrovascular accident, TIA = transient ischemic attack.
a Chi-square test.
b Independent-sample t-test.
c Mann-Whitney U test.
d Likelihood Ratio test.
e Fisher’s Exact test.
Table 3
Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis for stent thrombosis.
| FACTORS | UNIVARIATE | MULTIVARIABLE | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR [95% CI] | P-VALUE | OR [95% CI] | P-VALUE | |
| Male | 1.67 [0.90–3.11] | 0.105 | 2.51 [1.21–5.2] | 0.013* |
| Age (years) | 1.02 [1.00–1.04] | 0.016* | 1.01 [0.99–1.04] | 0.248 |
| Total ischemic time (minutes) | 1.00 [1.00–1.00] | 0.698 | – | – |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 1.00 [0.99–1.01] | 0.963 | – | – |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 1.01 [1.00–1.02] | 0.080 | 1.01 [1.00–1.02] | 0.148 |
| Random glucose level (mg/dL) | 1.00 [1.00–1.00] | 0.056 | 1.00 [1.00–1.00] | 0.410 |
| Hemoglobin level (mg/dL) | 0.98 [0.87–1.09] | 0.682 | – | – |
| Neutrophil count (cells/µL) | 1.01 [1.00–1.03] | 0.026* | 1.01 [1.00–1.03] | 0.147 |
| Platelet count (cells/µL) | 1.00 [1.00–1.00] | 0.378 | – | – |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) on arrival | 1.32 [0.89–1.94] | 0.162 | 1.09 [0.65–1.83] | 0.751 |
| Killip class III/IV | 2.00 [1.15–3.48] | 0.014* | 1.00 [0.37–2.72] | 0.999 |
| Intubated | 1.84 [1.08–3.12] | 0.024* | 0.70 [0.26–1.89] | 0.487 |
| Arrhythmias on presentation | 1.16 [0.64–2.09] | 0.624 | – | – |
| Cardiac arrest | 2.59 [1.25–5.38] | 0.01* | 1.55 [0.54–4.4] | 0.415 |
| Hypertension | 2.05 [1.27–3.32] | 0.003* | 1.65 [0.94–2.91] | 0.084 |
| Smoking | 0.56 [0.33–0.95] | 0.03* | 0.71 [0.38–1.31] | 0.276 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.68 [1.09–2.59] | 0.019* | 1.05 [0.56–1.95] | 0.888 |
| LV end-diastolic pressure ≥ 20 mmHg | 2.22 [1.39–3.55] | <0.001* | 2.55 [1.31–4.98] | 0.006* |
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 0.98 [0.96–1.01] | 0.186 | 1.03 [0.99–1.06] | 0.140 |
| Intra-aortic balloon pump used | 2.84 [1.41–5.71] | 0.003* | 1.32 [0.46–3.72] | 0.606 |
| Triple vessel disease | 1.55 [0.99–2.43] | 0.054 | 1.18 [0.68–2.04] | 0.559 |
| Culprit left main or proximal LAD | 1.42 [0.92–2.19] | 0.118 | 1.07 [0.58–1.95] | 0.835 |
| Pre TIMI flow grade 0 | 2.70 [1.56–4.70] | <0.001* | 3.27 [1.61–6.65] | 0.001* |
| Thrombus grade ≥ 4 | 1.49 [0.54–4.13] | 0.446 | – | – |
| Pre-dilatation | 1.42 [0.92–2.20] | 0.111 | 1.26 [0.75–2.1] | 0.383 |
| Non-compliant balloon used | 0.74 [0.44–1.24] | 0.259 | – | – |
| Mean vessel diameter (mm) | 1.16 [0.62–2.17] | 0.645 | – | – |
| Total lesion length (mm) | 1.00 [0.99–1.02] | 0.701 | – | – |
| Intra-procedure slow-flow/no-reflow | 1.70 [1.09–2.64] | 0.018* | 0.66 [0.32–1.36] | 0.264 |
| Final sub-optimal TIMI flow (<3) | 2.60 [1.53–4.44] | <0.001* | 2.32 [0.99–5.44] | 0.053 |
| Contrast induced nephropathy | 1.10 [0.54–2.24] | 0.786 | – | – |
| Arrhythmias | 3.01 [1.39–6.54] | 0.005* | 1.39 [0.49–3.95] | 0.533 |
| Bleeding | 4.61 [1.29–16.48] | 0.019* | 3.38 [0.71–16.03] | 0.124 |
| Cardiogenic shock | 2.75 [1.27–5.96] | 0.01* | 1.37 [0.42–4.45] | 0.601 |
[i] OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval, LV = left ventricular, LAD = left anterior descending artery, TIMI = thrombolysis in myocardial infarction.
* Significant at 5%.