References
- 1US National Cancer Institute and World Health Organization. The Economics of Tobacco and Tobacco Control: National Cancer Institute Tobacco Control Monograph 21. US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute and World Health Organization; 2016. NIH publication No. 16-CA-8029A.
- 2Tobacco Fact Sheet. World Health Organization website. Accessed December 1, 2020.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco . - 3WHO launches year-long campaign to help 100 million people quit tobacco. News release. World Health Organization; December 8, 2020. Accessed December 9, 2020.
https://www.who.int/news/item/08-12-2020-who-launches-year-long-campaign-to-help-100-million-people-quit-tobacco . - 4World Health Organization. WHO Global Report on Trends in Prevalence of Tobacco Use 2000–2025. 3rd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019.
- 5World Health Organization. Summary Results of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey in Selected Countries of the WHO European Region. WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2020. Accessed December 2, 2020.
https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/disease-prevention/tobacco/publications/2020/summary-results-of-the-global-youth-tobacco-survey-in-selected-countries-of-the-who-european-region-2020 . - 6Wang TW, Neff LJ, Park-Lee E, Ren C, Cullen KA, King BA. E-cigarette use among middle and high school students: United States, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020; 69: 1310–1312. DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6937e1
- 7WHO Tobacco-Free Initiative: MPOWER. World Health Organization website. Accessed November 16, 2020.
https://www.who.int/tobacco/mpower/en/ . - 8US Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health. E-Cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General—Executive Summary. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2016.
- 9
Nearly $17 million invested in research to fast-track studies on health impacts of e-cigarettes and nicotine on youth . News release. American Heart Association; April 21, 2020. Accessed November 16, 2020.https://newsroom.heart.org/news/nearly-17-million-invested-in-research-to-fast-track-studies-on-health-impacts-of-e-cigarettes-and-nicotine-on-youth . - 10US Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health. The Health Consequences of Smoking: 50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2014.
- 11Jha P, Ramasundarahettige C, Landsman V, Rostrom B, Thun M, Anderson RN, McAfee T, Peto R. 21st Century hazards of smoking and benefits of cessation in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2013; 368: 341–350. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMsa1211128
- 12World Health Organization. Smoking and COVID-19: Science Brief, 30 June 2020.
WHO/2019-nCoV/Sci_Brief/Smoking/2020.2 . - 13National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine. Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2018. Accessed November 16, 2020. DOI: 10.17226/24952
- 14Buchanan ND, Grimmer JA, Tanwar V, Schwieterman N, Mohler PJ, Wold LE. Cardiovascular risk of electronic cigarettes: a review of preclinical and clinical studies. Cardiovasc Res. 2020; 116: 40–50. DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz256
- 15Gotts JE, Jordt SE, McConnell R, Tarran R. What are the respiratory effects of e-cigarettes? [published correction appears in BMJ. 2019; 367: l5980]. BMJ. 2019; 366: l5275. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.l5275
- 16Kuntic M, Oelze M, Steven S, Kröller-Schön S, Stamm P, Kalinovic S, Frenis K, Vujacic-Mirski K, Bayo Jimenez MT, Kvandova M, et al. Short-term e-cigarette vapour exposure causes vascular oxidative stress and dysfunction: evidence for a close connection to brain damage and a key role of the phagocytic NADPH oxidase (NOX-2). Eur Heart J. 2020; 41: 2472–2483. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz772
- 17Volkow N.
Monitoring the Future Survey Results Show Alarming Rise in Teen Vaping . National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse website. December 17, 2018. Accessed December 1, 2020.https://www.drugabuse.gov/about-nida/noras-blog/2018/12/monitoring-future-survey-results-show-alarming-rise-in-teen-vaping . - 18Owotomo O, Stritzel H, McCabe SE Maslowsky J. Smoking intention and progression from e-cigarette use to cigarette smoking. Pediatrics. 2020; 146:
e2020002881 . DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-002881 - 19Jackson SE, Shahab L, West R, Brown J. Associations between dual use of e-cigarettes and smoking cessation: a prospective study of smokers in England. Addict Behav. 2020; 103: 106230. DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106230
- 20Hartmann-Boyce J, McRobbie H, Lindson N, Bullen C, Begh R, Theodoulou A, Notley C, Rigotti NA, Turner T, Butler AR, et al. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020; 10: CD010216. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010216.pub4
- 21van der Eijk Y, Lee JK, Ling P. How menthol is key to the tobacco industry’s strategy of recruiting and retaining young smokers in Singapore. J Adolesc Health. 2019; 64: 347–354. DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.09.001
- 22Brown J, Zhu M, Moran M, Hoe C, Frijas F, Cohen JE. “It has candy. You need to press on it”: young adults’ perceptions of flavoured cigarettes in the Philippines [published online May 23, 2020]. Tob Control.
https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/early/2020/05/23/tobaccocontrol-2019-055524 . DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055524 - 23Sawdey MD, Chang JT, Cullen KA, Rass O, Jackson KJ, Ali FRM, Odani S, Courtney-Long EA, Armour BS, Ambrose BK, et al. Trends and associations of menthol cigarette smoking among US middle and high school students: National Youth Tobacco Survey, 2011–2018. Nicotine Tob Res. 2020; 22: 1726–1735. DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa054
- 24Ngo A, Cheng KW, Chaloupka FJ, Shang C. The effect of MPOWER scores on cigarette smoking prevalence and consumption. Prev Med. 2017; 105S: S10–S14. DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.05.006
- 25National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and Health. Preventing Tobacco Use Among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); 2012.
- 26Bhatnagar A, Whitsel LP, Blaha MJ, Huffman MD, Krishan-Sarin S, Maa J, Rigotti N, Robertson RM, Warner JJ. New and emerging tobacco products and the nicotine endgame: the role of robust regulation and comprehensive tobacco control and prevention: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019; 139: e937–e958. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000669
- 27The International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. Where Bans are Best: Why LMICs Must Prohibit E-Cigarette and HTP Sales to Truly Tackle Tobacco: 2020 Updated Position Paper. The Union; 2020. Accessed December 2, 2020.
https://theunion.org/technical-publications/union-position-paper-on-e-cigarettes-and-htp-sales-in-lmics .