Table 1
Number of observation records on iNaturalist compared with Research Grade observations and the estimated number of species in Hungary.
| ICONIC TAXON GROUP | NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS ON INATURALIST | NUMBER OF RESEARCH GRADE OBSERVATIONS | PERCENT OF RESEARCH GRADE OBSERVATIONS | ESTIMATED NUMBER OF SPECIES IN HUNGARY | NUMBER OF SPECIES FROM HUNGARY ON INATURALIST | PERCENT OF HUNGARIAN SPECIES ON INATURALIST |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insecta | 146,579 | 81,547 | 55.63 | 29,356 | 4,756 | 16.20 |
| Plantae | 101,777 | 71,559 | 70.31 | 2,721 | 1,991 | 73.17 |
| Fungi | 19,874 | 9,007 | 45.32 | 3,000 | 873 | 29.10 |
| Aves | 20,854 | 19,211 | 92.12 | 426 | 382 | 89.67 |
| Arachnida | 11,400 | 4042 | 35.46 | 2,694 | 273 | 10.13 |
| Mollusca | 4,171 | 2,404 | 57.64 | 278 | 89 | 32.01 |
| Other animals | 3,668 | 714 | 19.46 | 2,939 | 91 | 3.09 |
| Reptilia | 2,840 | 2,791 | 98.27 | 16 | 16 | 100 |
| Mammalia | 2,625 | 1,971 | 75.09 | 83 | 70 | 84.34 |
| Amphibia | 2,038 | 1,484 | 72.82 | 17 | 17 | 100 |
| Actinopterygii | 589 | 410 | 69.61 | 96 | 52 | 54.16 |
| Protozoa | 336 | 65 | 19.35 | ? | 16 | ? |
| Total | 316,751 | 195,205 | 61.63 | 41,626 | 8,607 | 20.67 |
Figure 1
Number of observation records by (a) year of observation, (b) aggregated in months, (c) days, and (d) hours. Records are shown only from 2000 onwards in panel a to make the trend more comprehensible.
Figure 2
Number of observation records by the number of observers.
Figure 3
Number of observation records in (a) 10 × 10 km grid cells and (b) protected areas, and Shannon diversity index of iconic taxa in (c) 10 × 10 km grid cells and (d) protected areas in Hungary. The capital city of Budapest, selected cities with county rights, and Lake Balaton are labelled in panel a, while selected protected areas are labelled in panel b. NP: national park, PL: protected landscape, PA: protected area.
Table 2
Results of Generalised Linear Model analyses with spatial variables in 10 × 10 km grid cells. Significant variables are highlighted in bold.
| NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS | SHANNON DIVERSITY INDEX OF ICONIC TAXA | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ESTIMATE | SE | ADJUSTED SE | z–VALUE | p–VALUE | ESTIMATE | SE | ADJUSTED SE | z–VALUE | p–VALUE | |
| (Intercept) | 0.395 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 105.719 | < 0.00001 | 0.693 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 89.665 | < 0.00001 |
| Shannon diversity of land use types | 0.03 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 6.215 | < 0.00001 | 0.076 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 7.525 | < 0.00001 |
| Urban areas | 0.05 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 5.961 | < 0.00001 | 0.04 | 0.011 | 0.011 | 3.777 | < 0.00001 |
| Croplands | – | – | – | – | – | 0.046 | 0.011 | 0.011 | 4.386 | < 0.00001 |
| Grasslands | 0.007 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 1.479 | 0.139 | 0.035 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 3.417 | 0.001 |
| Forests | 0.019 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 3.408 | 0.001 | 0.016 | 0.012 | 0.012 | 1.367 | 0.171 |
| Wetlands | 0.007 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 1.541 | 0.123 | 0.014 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 1.504 | 0.133 |
| Rivers and lakes | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 1.09 | 0.276 | 0.028 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 3.178 | 0.001 |
| Mean altitude | 0.019 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 3.568 | < 0.00001 | 0.061 | 0.012 | 0.012 | 5.122 | < 0.00001 |
| Proportion of protected areas | 0.04 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 7.512 | < 0.00001 | 0.033 | 0.011 | 0.011 | 3.034 | 0.002 |
| Distance from Budapest | –0.017 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 3.278 | 0.001 | –0.024 | 0.011 | 0.011 | 2.17 | 0.03 |
| Distance from city with county rights | –0.022 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 4.913 | < 0.00001 | –0.039 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 4.147 | < 0.00001 |
| Road density | –0.013 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 1.645 | 0.1 | 0.011 | 0.016 | 0.016 | 0.675 | 0.5 |
| Mean gross income | 0.022 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 3.882 | < 0.00001 | 0.022 | 0.012 | 0.012 | 1.764 | 0.078 |
Table 3
Results of Generalised Linear Models analyses with spatial variables in protected areas. Significant variables are highlighted in bold.
| NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS | SHANNON DIVERSITY INDEX OF ICONIC TAXA | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ESTIMATE | SE | ADJUSTED SE | z–VALUE | p–VALUE | ESTIMATE | SE | ADJUSTED SE | z–VALUE | p–VALUE | |
| (Intercept) | –0.059 | 0.017 | 0.017 | 3.572 | < 0.00001 | –0.02 | 0.031 | 0.031 | 0.659 | 0.51 |
| Shannon diversity of land use types | 0.024 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 2.483 | 0.013 | 0.022 | 0.015 | 0.015 | 1.492 | 0.136 |
| Urban areas | – | – | – | – | – | < 0.00001 | < 0.00001 | < 0.00001 | 0.952 | 0.341 |
| Croplands | 0.001 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.172 | 0.864 | < 0.00001 | < 0.00001 | < 0.00001 | 0.352 | 0.725 |
| Grasslands | 0.003 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.413 | 0.679 | < 0.00001 | < 0.00001 | < 0.00001 | 0.384 | 0.701 |
| Forests | –0.003 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.361 | 0.718 | < 0.00001 | < 0.00001 | < 0.00001 | 1.002 | 0.316 |
| Wetlands | 0.006 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.793 | 0.428 | < 0.00001 | < 0.00001 | < 0.00001 | 2.228 | 0.026 |
| Rivers and lakes | –0.003 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.464 | 0.643 | < 0.00001 | < 0.00001 | < 0.00001 | 1.257 | 0.209 |
| Mean altitude | 0.028 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 3.776 | < 0.00001 | 0.001 | < 0.00001 | < 0.00001 | 5.07 | < 0.00001 |
| Area | 0.091 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 20.514 | < 0.00001 | 0.08 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 18.313 | < 0.00001 |
| Distance from Budapest | –0.055 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 7.462 | < 0.00001 | –0.001 | < 0.00001 | < 0.00001 | 6.331 | < 0.00001 |
| Distance from city with county rights | –0.029 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 3.907 | < 0.00001 | –0.002 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 4.228 | < 0.00001 |