Figure 1
Visualization of citizen science (CS) dimensions (context, goal(s), methods, outcome, and contribution to the SDGs), and their relationships.
Figure 2
Instrument representing the five dimensions, the subdivisions and their respective classifiers. a) Cunha et al. 2017; Vasiliades et al. 2021. b) Shirk et al. 2012; Chase and Levine 2016; Cunha et al. 2017; Sauermann et al. 2020. c) Inspired by Kullenberg and Kasperowski 2016; Turbé et al. 2019; De-Groot et al. 2022 with modifications based on identified themes. d) and e) Based on Shirk et al. 2012; Sauermann et al. 2020; Vasiliades et al. 2021, with additions to category “contribution” based on case studies. f) Keywords summarize the content provided by Gillett et al. 2012; Chase and Levine 2016; Cunha et al. 2017; Pateman, Dyke, and West 2021. g) Category based on the identified case studies outcomes. h) West and Pateman 2017; Fraisl et al. 2020; Pateman, Tuhkanen, and Cinderby 2021; Parkinson et al. 2022. i) United Nations Statistics Division 2023.
Figure 3
Case studies linked to SDGs according to implementation location and goals. GS: Global South, GN: Global North. SDG 17 is not included in this study.
Figure 4
Authorship based on 1st author and co-author affiliation location for implementations in the Global South (GS) and Global North (GN).
Figure 5
(a) the number of countries involved (according to co-author affiliation) for each implementation region (* = p < 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis test), (b) the number of co-authors involved for each implementation region (p > 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis test), and (c) number of co-authors according to degree of participation (* = p < 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis test).
Figure 6
Goals’ influence on the degree of participation.
Figure 7
Outcomes per goal in the Global North (GN) and Global South (GS).
Figure 8
(a) Link between degree of participation and number of unique outcomes (** = p < 0.01, Kruskal-Wallis test), and (b–d) the top 3 most- mentioned outcomes and their frequencies for (b) co-created, (c) collaborative, and (d) contributory projects.