Figure 1
The probability of verification information being found given the numbers of participants (left panel, ≤ 1 million [M]; right panel, > 1 million [M]), duration of schemes, and data type. Fitted probabilities (lines) and standard errors (filled polygons) are estimated using the best-performing binary logistic regression model.
Figure 2
The probability of each verification approach (see panel headings) being used for schemes with different numbers of participants and different data types. Fitted probabilities (filled columns) are estimated using the best-performing parameters in multinomial regressions.
Figure 3
Summary of recommendations for an idealised system for verification of ecological citizen science data. Considerations for verification highlight some of the questions that can be answered using the record-level information and secondary metadata. If the answer to these questions is yes, then we propose further levels of verification may be required. First-level verification indicates the attributes of schemes that could use community consensus and automated approaches. Additional verification highlights the kinds of records that may be flagged and therefore will need to be reviewed by experts.