References
- 1Auerbach, J, Barthelmess, EL, Cavalier, D, Cooper, CB, Fenyk, H, Haklay, M, Hulbert, JM, Kyba, CCM, Larson, LR, Lewandowski, E and Shanley, LA. 2019. The Problem with delineating Narrow Criteria for Citizen Science. PNAS, 116(31): 15336–15337. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909278116
- 2Bastian, A and Byrne, M. 2012.
The National Broadband Map: A Case Study on Open Innovation for National Policy . Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. - 3Bowser, A, Nalley, L and Tyson, E. In preparation. Science By and For the American People: A Snapshot of Citizen Science in the U.S. Government.
- 4Chandler, M, See, L, Copas, K, Bonde, AM, López, BC, Danielsen, F, Legind, JK, Masinde, S, Miller-Rushing, AJ and Newman, G. 2017. Contribution of citizen science towards international biodiversity monitoring. Biological Conservation, 213: 280–294. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.09.004
- 5Eitzel, MV, Cappadonna, JL, Santos-Lang, C, Duerr, RE, Virapongse, A, West, SE, Kyba, CCM, Bowser, A, Cooper, CB, Sforzi, A, Metcalfe, AN, Harris, ES, Thiel, M, Haklay, M, Ponciano, L, Roche, J, Ceccaroni, L, Shilling, FM, Dörler, D, Heigl, F, Kiessling, T, Davis, BY and Jiang, Q. 2017. Citizen Science Terminology Matters: Exploring Key Terms. Citizen Science Theory and Practice Journal, 2(1):
1 . Accessible at:https://theoryandpractice.citizenscienceassociation.org/articles/10.5334/cstp.96/print/ . DOI: 10.5334/cstp.96 - 6European Commission (EC). 2016.
Open Innovation, Open Science, Open to the World . A Vision for Europe. Published: 2016-05-17. Brussels: Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, European Commission. - 7European Commission. 2018.
An inventory of citizen science activities for environmental policies . European Commission. Italy: Bio Innovation Service, Directorate-General for Environment; European Commission, Joint Research Centre. [Dataset] PID:http://data.europa.eu/89h/jrc-citsci-10004 . - 8Fritz, S, Linda, S, Carlson, T, Haklay, M, Oliver, JL, Fraisl, D, Mondardini, R, Brocklehurst, M, Shanley, LA, Schade, S, When, U, Abrate, U, Anstee, J, Arnold, S, Billot, M, Campbell, J, Espey, J, Gold, M, Hager, G, He S, Hepburn, L, Hsu, A, Long, D, Masó, J, McCallum, I, Muniafu, M, Moorthy, I, Obersteiner, M, Parker, AJ, Weisspflug, M and West, S. 2019. Citizen science and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Nat Sustain, 2: 922–930. DOI: 10.1038/s41893-019-0390-3
- 9Gedney, M and Shanley, LA. 2014.
Barriers and Accelerators to Citizen Science and Crowdsourcing in Federal Agencies: An Exploratory Study . Washington, DC: The Wilson Center. Accessed on November 7, 2019. Available at:https://stipcommunia.wordpress.com/2014/09/07/an-exploratory-study-on-barriers/ . - 10Gellman, R. 2015.
Crowdsourcing, Citizen Science, and the Law . Legal Issues Affecting Federal Agencies. Washington, DC: The Wilson Center. Accessed November 7, 2019. Available at:http://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/crowdsourcing-citizen-science-and-the-law-legal-issues-affecting-federal-agencies . - 11Göbel, CN, Berditchevskaia, A and Haklay, M. 2019. How Does Citizen Science ‘Do’ Governance? Reflections from the DITOs Project. Citizen Science: Theory and Practice, 4(1): 1–13. DOI: 10.5334/cstp.204
- 12Guerrini, CJ, Majumder, MA, Lewellyn, JL and McGuire, AL. 2018. Citizen Science, Public Policy. Science, 361(6398): 134–136. DOI: 10.1126/science.aar8379
- 13Haklay, M. 2015.
Citizen Science and Policy: A European Perspective . Washington, DC: The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Accessed on August 1, 2019. Accessible at:https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Citizen_Science_Policy_European_Perspective_Haklay.pdf . - 14Hecker, S, Wicke, N, Haklay, M and Bonn, A. 2019. How Does Policy Conceptualise Citizen Science? A Qualitative Content Analysis of International Policy Documents. Citizen Science: Theory and Practice, 4(1): 1–16. DOI: 10.5334/cstp.230
- 15Heigl, F, Kieslinger, B, Paul, KT, Uhlik, J and Dörler, D. 2019. Opinion: Toward an international definition of citizen science. PNAS, 116(17): 8089–8092. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1903393116
- 16Howe, J. 2006. The Rise of Crowdsourcing. Wired Magazine, June 1, 2006. Accessed August 28, 2019. Accessible at:
https://www.wired.com/2006/06/crowds/ . - 17Hyder, K, Townhill, B, Anderson, LG, Delany, J and Pinnegar, JK. 2015. Can citizen science contribute to the evidence-base that underpins marine policy? Marine policy, 59: 112–120. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2015.04.022
- 18Irwin, A. 1995.
Citizen science: A study of people, expertise and sustainable development . Psychology Press. - 19Irwin, A. 2015. Citizen Science and Scientific Citizenship: same word, different meanings? Presentation to the EU Joint Research Centre in Ispra, Italy, in
October 2015 . Accessed 2 September 2019. Available at:https://povesham.wordpress.com/2016/02/02/alan-irwin-talk-on-citizen-science-and-scientific-citizenship-jrc-october-2015/ . - 20McKinley, DC, Miller-Rushing, A, Ballard, HL, Bonney, R, Brown, H, Cook-Patton, SC, Evans, DM, French, RA, Parrish, JK, Phillips, TB, Ryan, SF, Shanley, LA, Shirk, J, Stepenuck, KF, Welztin, JF, Wiggins, A, Boyle, OD, Briggs, RD, Chapin, SF, Hewitt, D, Preuss, D and Soukup, MA. 2017. Biological Conservation, 208: 15–28. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.05.015
- 21McKinley, DC, Miller-Rushing, A, Ballard, H, Bonney, R, Brown, H, Evans, D, French, R, Parrish, J, Phillips, T, Ryan, S, Shanley, LA, Shirk, J, Stepenuck, K, Weltzin, J, Wiggins, A, Boyle, O, Briggs, R, Chapin, S,
III , Hewitt, D, Preuss, P and Soukup, M. 2015. Can investing in Citizen Science improve natural resource management and environmental protection? Issues in Ecology, 19. - 22Nascimento, S, Rubio-Iglesias, JM, Herbst, C, Montani, E, Owen, R, Schade, S and Shanley, LA. 2017.
Citizen Science as Input for Better Policy Formulation and Implementation (Chapter 11) . Citizen Science: Innovation in Open Science, Policy and Society. Berlin, Germany: European Citizen Science Association. DOI: 10.2307/j.ctv550cf2.23 - 23Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP). 2013.
The Open Government Partnership. Second Open Government National Action Plan for the United States of America . Published December 2013. Washington, DC: Obama White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. Accessed November 7, 2019. Available at:https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/us_national_action_plan_6p.pdf . - 24Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP). 2015.
The Open Government Partnership. Third Open Government National Action Plan for the United States of America . Published October 27, 2015. Washington, DC: Obama White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. Accessed November 7, 2019. Available at:https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/final_us_open_government_national_action_plan_3_0.pdf . - 25Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2016.
Making Open Science a Reality . Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development. - 26Owen, R and Parker, AJ. 2018.
Citizen Science and Environmental Protection . In: Hecker, S, et al. (eds.), Citizen Science – Innovation in Open Science, Society and Policy. London: UCL Press. DOI: 10.2307/j.ctv550cf2.27 - 27Pieper, KJ, Martin, R, Tang, M, Walters, L, Parks, J, Roy, S, Devine, C and Edwards, MA. 2018. Evaluating water lead levels during the Flint water crisis. Environmental science & technology, 52: 8124–8132. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00791
- 28Roger, E, Turak, E and Tegart, P. 2019. Adopting Citizen Science as a Tool to Enhance Monitoring for an Environment Agency. Citizen Science: Theory and Practice, 4(1): 1–9. DOI: 10.5334/cstp.231
- 29Schade, S, Manzoni-Brusati, M, Tsinaraki, C, Kotsev, A, Fullerton, K, Sgnaolin, R, Spinelli, F and Mitton, I. 2017.
Using new data sources for policymaking . Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. DOI: 10.2760/739266 - 30Science Communication Unit (SCU). 2013.
Science for Environment Policy In- depth Report: Environmental Citizen Science . Report produced for the European Commission DG Environment, December 2013. Bristol, England: University of West England. Accessed on November 7, 2019. Available at:http://ec.europa.eu/science-environment-policy . - 31Shanley, LA, Burns, R, Bastian, Z and Robison, RS. 2013. Tweeting Up a Storm: The Promise and Perils of Crisis Mapping. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 79(10): 865–879. October 1, 2013. Available at SSRN:
https://ssrn.com/abstract=2464599 . DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2464599 - 32Shanley, LA, Hulbert, J and Auerbach, J. 2019.
“Definitions of citizen science.” CitiSciDefinitions. GitHub. Accessed 28 May 2019. Available at:https://github.com/lshanley/CitSciDefinitions . - 33Shanley, LA, et al. In preparation. Grassroots and Governance: Strategies to Support Crowdsourcing and Citizen Science in the U.S. Federal Government.
