(C2I)2 = CCI-CCI The CCI Creative City Index 2012

Hartley, John; Potts, Jason; MacDonald, Trent; Erkunt, Chris; Kufleitner, Carl

doi:10.5334/csci.41

Figures & Tables

Summary of CCI Creative City Index Results (3D Column)

Summary of CCI Creative City Index Results (Marked Radar)

The CCI-BJSS agreement is signed in Beijing, September 2010Present are, from left to right: Dr. JIANG Nianyum, Research Fellow at BJSS; Angela Lin HUANG, PhD Candidate at QUT & Research Fellow at BJSS; Dr. LI Li, Director of International Collaboration Division, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology; Prof. John Hartley, CCI-QUT; Dr. ZHANG Shiyun, Director of BJSS; LUO Xin, Deputy Secretary of BJSS; ZHENG Yi, Research Fellow at BJSS.

World Population of Young People to 2050 (UNDESA 2009)

Clustering & Networking

Social networks, connections and human interactions
Connectedness to global system/network (flows of information, data, trade, and creativity)
Nodes for global transactions (key place in global service industries; central hubs in communications and transportation networks)
Clash between global flows and local agency (national/local networks)
Inner-city clustering (density)/suburban and urban ecologies
Cultural quarters (nexus of networks and urban cultural infrastructure)
Meso level (urban development and cultural dynamics)

Sensitivity Analysis of Rank Order of CCI Creative City Index

CCI CREATIVE CITY INDEX RANK (DIFF.)	Brisbane (AUS)	Melbourne (AUS)	Berlin (GER)	Bremen (GER)	Cardiff (UK)	London (UK)
1. CREATIVE INDUSTRIES	0	0	0	0	0	0
2. MICROPRODUCTIVITY	0	0	0	0	0	0
3. ECONOMY OF ATTN.	-1	0	0	1	0	0
4. PARTICIPATION	0	0	0	0	0	0
5. PUBLIC SUPPORT	-2	0	0	1	1	0
6. HUMAN CAPITAL	0	0	0	0	0	0
7. GLOBAL INT.	-1	0	0	1	0	0
8. OPENNESS	0	0	0	0	0	0
CCI INDEX RANK	4	3	2	5	6	1

Differentiating the Media of Communication

Era	1. Premodern	2. Modern	3. Global
Medium	Oral/manuscript	Print	Digital/online

Participation & Expenditure

4. PARTICIPATION & EXPENDITURE	𝛚	BRI	MEL	BER	BRE	CAR	LON
4.1 Attendance
Number of admissions to selected cultural events
Art galleries		587,005	763,627	–	–	22,049	1,404,819
Libraries		783,005	940,268	–	–	2,057,392	4,131,820
Archives		49,019	124,857	–	–	–	525,868
Museums		583,616	745,072	–	–	268,966	3,155,208
TOTAL GLAM		2,002,645	2,573,824	13,335,000	1,354,000	2,348,407	9,217,715
	1.0	15.0	19.3	100.0	10.2	17.6	69.1
Classical music concert		158,279	318,449	990,731	–	64,790	570,942
Theatre		327,038	519,405	905,874	–	122,760	1,878,100
Dance performances		208,907	274,666	25,000	–	30,690	330,546
Musicals and operas		324,815	634,613	714,606	–	34,100	1,765,414
Other performing arts		555,400	796,600	252,011	–	78,430	961,587
TOTAL PERFORMING ARTS		1,574,439	2,543,733	2,888,222	459,128	330,770	5,506,589
	1.0	28.6	46.2	52.5	8.3	6.0	100.0
Cinema		1,534,025	1,964,166	9,522,000	178,731	27,280	39,800,000
	1.0	3.9	4.9	23.9	0.4	0.1	100.0
Popular music concert		637,463	904,269	1,500,000	300,000	51,150	2,253,720
	1.0	28.3	40.1	66.6	13.3	2.3	100.0
AT LEAST ONE CULTURAL EVENT		1,925,182	2,461,255	4,000,000	800,000	296,670	5,686,887
	1.0	33.9	43.3	70.3	14.1	5.2	100.0
4.2 Expenditure
Household expenditure on arts and culture (in dollars at PPP)		1,663	1,663	1,991	2,673	2,035	2,187
	1.0	62.2	62.2	74.5	100.0	76.1	81.8
Household expenditure on arts and culture as a percentage of total expenditure per household		3.98%	3.98%	7.40%	9.45%	5.90%	4.70%
	1.0	42.1	42.1	78.3	100.0	62.4	49.7
PARTICIPATION & EXPENDITURE SUB- INDEX		37.0	41.5	69.5	54.6	37.8	79.8

Openness, Tolerance & Diversity

8 . OPENNESS, TOLERANCE & DIVERSITY	𝛚	BRI	MEL	BER	BRE	CAR	LON
8.1 Openness and Tolerance
Proportion of marriages that end in divorce		16.92%	14.26%	18.02%	15.71%	9.89%	10.34%
	1.0	93.9	79.1	100.0	87.2	54.9	57.4
Censorship/freedom of press		5.38	5.38	4.25	4.25	6.00	6.00
	1.0	79.0	79.0	100.0	100.0	70.8	70.8
'Population of concern' residents per capita (e.g. refugees, asylum seekers)		0.0011	0.0011	0.0082	0.0049	0.0030	0.0041
	1.0	14.0	14.0	100.0	59.7	36.8	49.6
Number of visas granted to refugees and asylum seekers per capita		0.0006	0.0006	0.0032	0.0019	0.0251	0.0008
	1.0	2.5	2.5	12.8	7.6	100.0	3.2
Sexual Openness
Share of registered gay partnerships as a proportion of total partnerships of the city		0.73%	0.81%	2.20%	4.70%	4.78%	0.92%
	0.5	15.3	17.0	46.0	98.3	100.0	19.2
Share of registered gay partnerships as a proportion of total partnerships of the city, relative to national share		1.09	1.22	1.47	15.60	1.72	3.07
	0.5	7.0	7.8	9.4	100.0	11.0	19.7
Religious Openness
Number of people in the population with no religion		438,322	925,547	2,088,361	240,367	57,440	1,486,788
	0.5	21.0	44.3	100.0	11.5	2.8	71.2
Proportion of the population with no religion		21.45%	22.70%	60.77%	43.90%	18.81%	19.00%
	0.5	35.3	37.4	100.0	72.2	31.0	31.3
Nationality openness (by birthplace)
Number of people in the population not born in the country		600,492	1,512,173	836,100	144,001	21,186	2,660,568
	0.5	22.6	56.8	31.4	5.4	0.8	100.0
Proportion of the population not born in the country		29.39%	37.09%	24.33%	26.30%	6.94%	34.00%
	0.5	79.2	100.0	65.6	70.9	18.7	91.7
8.2 Diversity and Demographics
Religious diversity
Fragmentation index (1 = diverse, 0 = homogenous)		0.40	0.50	0.53	0.6	0.42	0.63
	0.5	64.0	79.3	83.7	95.4	66.8	100.0
Shannon's diversity index (higher=more diverse)		0.74	0.99	0.89	1.19	0.79	1.31
	0.5	56.9	75.7	67.9	91.0	60.4	100.0
Nationality diversity (by birthplace)
Fragmentation index using 10 largest ethnic cohorts (1 = diverse, 0 = homogenous)		0.50	0.60	0.25	0.23	0.1	0.55
	0.5	82.6	100.0	41.2	38.3	16.6	91.8
Shannon's diversity index using 10 largest ethnic cohorts (higher = more diverse)		0.75	0.90	0.43	0.41	0.3	0.71
	0.5	83.6	100.0	48.5	45.7	33.4	79.5
Youth population
Number of people aged 15-24		289,714	575,947	367,706	77,414	50,261	1,050,142
	0.5	27.6	54.8	35.0	7.4	4.8	100.0
Proportion of people aged 15-24		14.18%	14.13%	10.70%	11.72%	16.46%	13.42%
	0.5	86.1	85.8	65.0	71.2	100.0	81.5
Number of foreign higher education students		56,971	155,233	23,952	4,731	24,030	99,360
	1.0	36.7	100.0	15.4	3.0	15.5	64.0
Income inequality (Gini co.)		0.35	0.35	0.30	0.31	0.34	0.33
	1.0	85.7	85.7	100.0	96.8	88.2	92.3
8.3 Civic Engagement
Voter participation at last nation-wide election (proportion of eligible voters)		91.35%	90.09%	70.90%	70.30%	62.73%	64.50%
	1.0	100.0	98.6	77.6	77.0	68.7	70.6
Voter participation at last
nation-wide election		0.98	0.97	1.00	0.994	96.36%	0.99
relative to national rate
	1.0	97.8	96.5	100.0	99.2	96.2	98.9
Corruption index		8.7	8.7	7.9	7.9	7.6	7.6
	1.0	100.0	100.0	90.8	90.8	87.4	87.4
OPENNESS, DIVERSITY SUB-TOLERANCE INDEX &		67.5	76.0	74.0	70.5	63.6	76.5

Human Capital & Research

6 . HUMAN CAPITAL & RESEARCH	𝛚	BRI	MEL	BER	BRE	CAR	LON
6.1 Employment
Employment in R&D as % of total employment (business sector, government and higher education)		0.57%	0.64%	2.77%	2.68%	1.48%	2.23%
	1.0	20.6	23.1	100.0	96.8	53.4	80.5
6.2 Education
Number of qualified people as a % of total population		56.40%	57.90%	63.49%	60.70%	51.00%	56.45%
	1.0	88.8	91.2	100.0	95.6	80.3	88.9
Number of university graduates (Bachelor degree or higher) as a % of total population		26.67%	23.22%	19.34%	14.60%	32.30%	28.00%
	1.0	82.6	71.9	59.9	45.2	100.0	86.7
Number of higher education students		124,102	301,962	147,030	31,573	50,430	433,000
	0.5	28.7	69.7	34.0	7.3	11.6	100.0
Number of higher education students as a % of total population		6.07%	7.41%	4.28%	5.80%	14.79%	5.53%
	0.5	41.1	50.1	28.9	39.2	100.0	37.4
Number of places of higher education (i.e. universities, colleges, institutes)		4	9	11	8	4	68
	1.0	5.9	13.2	16.2	11.8	5.9	100.0
Number of places of cultural higher education (i.e. film school)		1	3	2	0	0	11
	1.0	9.1	27.3	18.2	0.0	0.0	100.0
6.3 Research and Development
Number of patents issued per capita		0.000082	0.000103	0.000202	0.000099	0.000147	0.000088
	1.0	40.6	51.0	100.0	49.0	72.6	43.7
R&D expenditure (in millions of dollars at PPP)
Business sector		2,222	3,490	1,164	196	490	1,658
Government		293	563	1,296	328	60	595
Higher education		942	1,583	1,011	178	544	3,386
TOTAL R&D EXPENDITURE		3,456	5,636	3,472	702	1,094	5,639
	0.5	61.3	99.9	61.6	12.4	19.4	100.0
R&D expenditure (in dollars at PPP) per capita		1,691.51	1,382.46	1,010.20	325.00	522.00	720.65
	0.5	100.0	81.7	59.7	19.2	30.9	42.6
HUMAN CAPITAL & RESEARCH SUB- INDEX		41.8	48.9	75.2	54.8	50.2	75.6

Differentiating the Creative City

	“World City”	“Creative City”
Source	Empire (court)	Institution (rules)
Locus	Castle/ palace (politics)	Port/hub/fair/marketplace(commerce)
Value	Greatness (past)	Attractant (potential)
Competitive Advantage	Size/ power	Inflow/smarts (crucible of ideas)
Dynamics	Growth	Non-linear dynamics
Resources	Sunk capital	Complex of factors (capable, entrepreneurial people)
Driver	Leadership	Enterprise
Outcome of …	Monarchical power	Mobile-elite choices
Temporality	Past	Present/future

Rank Order of CCI Creative City Index Results

CCI CREATIVE CITY INDEX RANK	Brisbane (AUS)	Melbourne (AUS)	Berlin (GER)	Bremen (GER)	Cardiff (UK)	London (UK)
1. CREATIVE INDUSTRIES	5	2	3	6	4	1
2. MICROPRODUCTIVITY	6	4	2	5	3	1
3. ECONOMY OF ATTN.	4	3	2	5	6	1
4. PARTICIPATION	6	4	2	3	5	1
5. PUBLIC SUPPORT	1	3	5	4	6	2
6. HUMAN CAPITAL	6	5	2	3	4	1
7. GLOBAL INT.	4	2	3	5	6	1
8. OPENNESS	5	2	3	4	6	1
CCI INDEX RANK	4	3	2	5	6	1

Sensitivity Analysis of CCI Creative City Index Results

CCI CREATIVE CITY INDEX	Avg.	Brisbane (AUS)	Melbourne (AUS)	Berlin (GER)	Bremen (GER)	Cardiff (UK)	London (UK)
1. CREATIVE INDUSTRIES SCALE, SCOPE & EMPLOYMENT	-12.8%	-12.8%	-12.8%	-10.5%	-12.7%	-14.1%	-14.2%
2. MICROPRODUCTIVITY	-11.1%	-9.5%	-9.8%	-11.1%	-10.1%	-13.8%	-12.3%
3. ATTRACTIONS & ECONOMY OF ATTENTION	-7.1%	-4.0%	-7.2%	-10.8%	-3.2%	-3.0%	-14.4%
4. PARTICIPATION & EXPENDITURE	-11.6%	-9.5%	-9.7%	-13.7%	-14.1%	-10.6%	-11.7%
5. PUBLIC SUPPORT	-18.9%	-25.7%	-18.8%	-15.3%	-20.4%	-19.3%	-13.9%
6. HUMAN CAPITAL & RESEARCH	-12.7%	-10.7%	-11.5%	-14.8%	-14.1%	-14.1%	-11.1%
7. GLOBAL INTEGRATION	-9.6%	-10.4%	-12.3%	-9.1%	-7.3%	-7.2%	-11.3%
8. OPENNESS, TOLERANCE & DIVERSITY	-16.2%	-17.3%	-17.8%	-14.6%	-18.2%	-17.9%	-11.2%

Infrastructure & Institutions

For ideas to be implemented
Copyright laws/intellectual property vs. innovation/emergence/sharing
Suitable arts, culture and entertainment infrastructure
Ancillary service industries (e.g. media post-production, fashion, tourism)
Structure of the sector/s (e.g. concentration of TNCs and micro enterprises)
Interactions between public and private in the sector
Key educational institutions
Buildings, transport systems, communications infrastructure and public institutions

CI-4 Creative Cities

Urban mixture definition
Clash and friction between systems: industry/economy and culture (e.g. in conflicting interests in the sharing of IP)
Sites for social meeting and mixture as well as friction: connecting culture and economy, diversity, tolerance, civility
Creative cities are therefore those that cohabitate all four types – industry, economy, culture, and city
Population-wide (macro level) creativity

Broad Classification of City Indexes

City Index Classes
Creativity and Culture Stocks	Global Cities, Networks and Tech/ ICT Flows	Other Approaches
Florida’s Creative Cities Index	The Global Power Cities Index	Oslo Manual
The Euro- Creativity Index	The Global Cities Index	Creativity Grid
Czech Creativity Index	Global City Indicators Facility	Landry’s Index
Sharpie’s Creativity Index	Fundamental Index and Flow
Creative Communities Index	The Globalization and World Cities Index
The Creative Vitality Index	The Shift Index
European Creativity Index	World Knowledge Competitive Index
Hong Kong Creativity Index	Information Society Index
Cultural Life Index
Composite Index of the Creative Economy
Design, Creativity and Innovation Scoreboard

CI-3 Creative Citizens

Cultural definition
Open innovation network (innovation from beyond firms and professionals)
Number of ‘creative citizens’ – population, workforce, consumers, users, and entrepreneurs, artists
Personal (micro level) creativity/microproductivity/market-based and non-market
Focus now on user productivity (cloud computing, crowd-sourcing, etc.)
Social media/user-created content
Measures of emergent production from social networks
Scaled-up via micro-productive institutions (e.g. YouTube, Google)

Summary of CCI Creative City Index Results

CCI CREATIVE CITY INDEX	Brisbane (AUS)	Melbourne (AUS)	Berlin (GER)	Bremen (GER)	Cardiff (UK)	London (UK)
1. CREATIVE INDUSTRIES SCALE, SCOPE & EMPLOYMENT	49.8	54.4	53.4	49.2	51.7	96.6
2. MICROPRODUCTIVITY	37.0	41.8	56.3	39.2	49.2	83.6
3. ATTRACTIONS & ECONOMY OF ATTENTION	15.7	30.8	54.9	12.6	10.7	97.8
4. PARTICIPATION & EXPENDITURE	37.0	41.5	69.5	54.6	37.8	79.8
5. PUBLIC SUPPORT	100.0	80.1	77.3	79.3	68.5	94.4
6. HUMAN CAPITAL & RESEARCH	41.8	48.9	75.2	54.8	50.2	75.6
7. GLOBAL INTEGRATION	40.5	52.2	46.0	28.3	25.4	76.7
8. OPENNESS, TOLERANCE & DIVERSITY	67.5	76.0	74.0	70.5	63.6	76.5
CCI INDEX CREATIVE CITY	48.7	53.2	63.3	48.6	44.5	85.1

Public Support

5. PUBLIC SUPPORT	𝛚	BRI	MEL	BER	BRE	CAR	LON
5.1 Expenditure
Cultural and arts funding per person by level of government (in dollars at PPP)
Federal		82.56	82.56	16.45	16.45	144.15	144.15
State		113.80	70.13	166.68	171.43	18.18	79.63
Local		40.59	37.14	–	–	–	–
Total		236.95	189.83	183.13	187.88	162.33	223.78
	1.0	100.0	80.1	77.3	79.3	68.5	94.4
PUBLIC SUPPORT SUB-INDEX		100.0	80.1	77.3	79.3	68.5	94.4

Attractions & Economy of Attention

3. ATTRACTIONS & ECONOMY OF ATTENTION	𝛚	BRI	MEL	BER	BRE	CAR	LON
3.1 Creative Attractions
Lonely Planet's "All Things to Do" (= Entertainment + Shopping + Tours + Activities + Restaurants + Sights)		183	751	815	50	105	1,428
	1.0	12.8	52.6	57.1	3.5	7.4	100.0
Proportion of the world’s top retailers located in the city		15.40%	23.00%	37.20%	25.10%	22.40%	56.00%
	0.5	27.5	41.1	66.4	44.8	40.0	100.0
Retail rental value per square foot per annum (at PPP)		436.00	400.10	454.42	482.23	456.00	2,024.99
	0.5	21.5	19.8	22.4	23.8	22.5	100.0
Number of hotels		124	194	750	87	58	823
	1.0	15.1	23.6	91.1	10.6	7.0	100.0
Number of cinema theatres		57	68	274	8	5	105
	0.5	20.8	24.8	100.0	2.9	1.8	38.3
Number of cinema seats		55,628	69,460	54,421	10,215	6,172	129,609
	0.5	42.9	53.6	42.0	7.9	4.8	100.0
Number of performing arts theatres, concert halls and live music venues		47	131	294	13	24	464
	1.0	10.1	28.2	63.4	2.8	5.2	100.0
Number of museums		16	59	129	27	5	184
	1.0	8.7	32.1	70.1	14.7	2.7	100.0
Number of libraries		92	127	88	22	20	395
	1.0	23.3	32.2	22.3	5.6	5.1	100.0
3.2 Economy of Attention
Number of pages in Lonely Planet guides		64	194	296	14	18	420
	1.0	15.2	46.2	70.5	3.3	4.3	100.0
Number of words in Wikipedia entry		9,040	13,393	13,533	12,880	11,841	16,875
	1.0	53.6	79.4	80.2	76.3	70.2	100.0
Google Trends index score (2010)		0.12	0.25	0.57	0.08	0.06	1.00
	0.5	12.0	25.0	57.0	8.0	6.0	100.0
Google Trends index score (cumulative to 2010)		0.10	0.20	0.52	0.08	0.06	1.00
	0.5	10.0	20.0	52.0	8.0	6.0	100.0
Frequency of city name appearing in published books (English corpus)		0.0001%	0.0006%	0.0029%	0.0001%	0.0002%	0.0185%
	1.0	0.8	3.2	15.7	0.5	0.9	100.0
Number of items in iTunes catalogue
Songs		428	1,688	8,467	1,773	673	8,603
iPod apps		130	293	559	113	63	1,368
iPad apps		39	68	178	37	21	393
Books		3	105	149	15	11	431
Audiobooks		0	4	141	11	2	348
Podcast episodes		1,593	3,848	8,004	239	220	8,005
iTunes U episodes		61	530	334	3	6	5,507
TOTAL ITEMS		2,254	6,536	17,832	2,191	996	24,655
	1.0	9.1	26.5	72.3	8.9	4.0	100.0
Number of items in IMDB
Films with city in plot		38	203	868	14	39	3,428
Films with city as filming location		295	1,470	4,428	139	223	9,290
TOTAL ITEMS		333	1,673	5,296	153	262	12,718
	1.0	2.6	13.2	41.6	1.2	2.1	100.0
Number of items in Amazon catalogue
Books		1,793	8,704	51,403	3,959	2,575	366,994
Kindle editions		39	152	628	22	30	2,256
eBooks (HTML & PDF)		61	261	475	17	28	1,811
TOTAL ITEMS		1,893	9,117	52,506	3,998	2,633	371,061
	1.0	0.5	2.5	14.2	1.1	0.7	100.0
ATTRACTIONS OF ATTENTION & SUB-ECONOMY INDEX		15.7	30.8	54.9	12.6	10.7	97.8

16 General Themes of City Index Dimensions

1. Culture, Recreation & Tourism

2. Creative Output & Employment

3. Cultural Capital & Participation

4. Venues, Resources & Facilities

5. Liveability & Amenities

6. Transportation & Accessibility

7. Globalisation, Networks & Exchange

8. Openness, Tolerance & Diversity

9. Human Capital, Talent & Education

10. Social Capital, Engagement & Support

11. Government & Regulations

12. Business Activity & Economy

13. Entrepreneurship

14. Innovation & R&D

15. Technology & ICT

16. Environment & Ecology

CI-2 Creative Services

Economic definition
Closed expert system of innovation (professionals across firms)
Size of ‘creative services’ – creative inputs by creative occupations and companies
Value-added to ‘non-creative’ sectors (e.g. health, government) by creative services – institutional (meso level) creativity
Measures of employment of specialist creative people (professional designers, producers, performers and writers)

Population Characteristics

Citizen demographics and profiles
Youth quotient
Consumer/audience sophistication or attentiveness
Population creativity
Experimental consumers
Social dynamics
Creative class/density
Human resources, patterns of use, micro-level
Highly skilled and ambitious people
Risk-taking, creatively talented, technologically capable, and energetic

Microproductivity

2. MICRO-PRODUCTIVITY	𝛚	BRI	MEL	BER	BRE	CAR	LON
2.1 Population-wide Microproduction (CI-3: Creative Citizens)
Number of videos uploaded to YouTube
Per month		6,380	16,000	21,000	4,360	2,490	29,100
Per 1,000 population		3.12	3.92	6.05	7.96	7.30	3.72
	1.0	39.2	49.3	76.0	100.0	91.7	46.7
Anytime (number of videos currently available for viewing)		236,000	577,000	1,150,000	147,000	111,000	1,630,000
Per 1,000 population		115.51	141.52	331.52	268.48	325.46	208.30
	1.0	34.8	42.7	100.0	81.0	98.2	62.8
Number of music profiles uploaded on the Internet
Number of artists, songs, albums, and music videos tagged with city name on Myspace Music		1,837	3,260	30,368	1,966	1,856	61,538
Number of taggers using city name in tag on Last.fm		317	856	4,847	262	272	3,934
Number of pages on Bandcamp with city tagged as location		60	212	182	6	26	527
TOTAL		2,214	4,328	35,397	2,234	2,154	65,999
PER 1,000 POPULATION		1.08	1.06	10.20	4.08	6.32	8.43
	1.0	10.6	10.4	100.0	40.0	61.9	82.7
Number of images uploaded to the Internet
Google Images		4,630,000	4,630,000	6,510,000	1,370,000	10,200,000	82,300,000
Flickr		485,646	1,579,129	3,373,740	144,169	297,199	9,655,532
Picasa		225,014	274,703	324,673	163,439	161,360	390,859
Photobucket		32,067	75,580	121,614	6,321	18,433	534,032
TOTAL		5,372,727	6,559,412	10,330,027	1,683,929	10,676,992	92,880,423
PER CAPITA		2.63	1.61	2.98	3.08	31.31	11.87
	1.0	8.4	5.1	9.5	9.8	100.0	37.9
Number of blogs uploaded to the Internet (search blogs for tagged items)		19.1M	34.8M	71.7M	6.9M	15.0M	231.0M
Per capita		9.35	8.54	20.67	12.67	43.98	29.52
	1.0	21.3	19.4	47.0	28.8	100.0	67.1
2.2 Virtual Connectivity (CI-4: Creative Cities)
Number of personal computers as a % of total population		89.03%	84.79%	77.00%	81.00%	63.10%	86.00%
	1.0	100.0	95.2	86.5	91.0	70.9	96.6
Number of Internet users as a % of total population		86.28%	83.65%	75.00%	75.00%	54.18%	78.39%
	1.0	100.0	97.0	86.9	86.9	62.8	90.9
Number of broadband users as a % of total population		68.13%	66.00%	77.00%	66.00%	45.00%	76.00%
	1.0	88.5	85.7	100.0	85.7	58.4	98.7
Number of social networking users (of most popular platform)
Number of profiles		1,165,940	1,970,440	1,148,660	192,900	225,040	8,299,340
	0.5	14.0	23.7	13.8	2.3	2.7	100.0
Number of profiles as a % of total population		57.06%	48.33%	33.43%	35.20%	65.99%	59.51%
	0.5	86.5	73.2	50.6	53.3	100.0	90.2
Number of profiles that 'like' Pitchfork Media		320	880	780	40	100	2,560
	0.5	12.5	34.4	30.5	1.6	3.9	100.0
Proportion of profiles that 'like' Pitchfork Media		0.03%	0.04%	0.07%	0.02%	0.04%	0.03%
	0.5	40.4	65.8	100.0	29.5	65.4	45.4
Number of professional networking users (of most popular platform)
Number of profiles		170,336	334,798	100,647	15,907	32,250	1,257,430
	0.5	13.5	26.6	8.0	1.3	2.6	100.0
Number of profiles as a % of total population		8.34%	8.21%	2.93%	2.91%	9.46%	9.02%
	0.5	88.2	86.8	31.0	30.8	100.0	95.3
Number of profiles filtered by creative industries		22,767	57,176	33,777	2,450	4,578	320,117
	0.5	7.1	17.9	10.6	0.8	1.4	100.0
Proportion of profiles filtered by creative industries		13.37%	17.08%	33.56%	15.40%	14.20%	25.46%
	0.5	39.8	50.9	100.0	45.9	42.3	75.9
2.3 Local Networks and Interaction (CI-4: Creative Cities)
Number of charity organizations per 1,000 people		0.01	0.02	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.10
	1.0	13.3	16.5	16.4	9.7	11.4	100.0
Number of festivals		75	100	122	45	6	200
	1.0	37.5	50.0	61.0	22.5	3.0	100.0
MICROPRODUCTIVITY SUB-INDEX		37.0	41.8	53.6	39.2	49.2	83.6

Urban Planning & Attractions

The creative city attracts creative citizens
Large-scale events (arts, showcases, tourism, etc.)
Cultural tourism; cultural resources, heritage, and symbolic assets
Drawing power of cities (related to culture/creativity)
Attraction, retention and leakage of populations and/or other resources
Self-expression, civic pride and community identification
Urban amenities (e.g. outdoor dining, walking streets, vibrant night life, river walks)
Outdoor recreation activities (e.g. urban kayaking, rock climbing and bike trails)
Historic as well as modern structures, excellent public transportation, diverse residential neighbourhoods, a variety of foot traffic, wide sidewalks, and different types of buildings, open and green spaces, vibrant downtowns and centres of learning
Infrastructure fostering creativity (e.g. arts and culture, nightlife, music scene, restaurants, artists and designers, innovators, entrepreneurs, affordable spaces, lively neighbourhoods, spirituality, education, density, public spaces and third places)
Inherited features (e.g. history, climate, natural resources and population)
Housing affordability (including renters, owners with mortgage, and owners without mortgage)
Affordability, free events, public infrastructure, commons
Vital network of mixed-use informal spaces and passageways (pockets of social activity and neighbourhood life)
Edge spaces and adjacent suburban residential zones (many multicultural forms come from these in-between spaces e.g. hip hop)
Income and wealth inequality and social safety net

j_csci_41_tab_0001

CI-1 Creative clusters	(an industry definition)
CI-2 Creative services	(an economic definition)
CI-3 Creative citizens	(a cultural definition)
CI-4 Creative cities	(a complex definition)

Checklist of City Index Dimensions and Indicators: Stocks

CITY INDEX CHECKLIST	Culture, Recreation, Tourism	Creative Output, Employment	Cultural Capital, Participation	Venues, Resources, Facilities	Liveability, Amenities	Transport, Accessibility	Globalization, Networks, Exchange	Openness, Tolerance, Diversity	Human Capital, Talent, Education	Social Capital, Engagement, Support	Government, Regulation	Business Activity, Economy	Entrepreneurship	Innovation, R&D	Technology, ICT	Environment, Ecology
CREATIVITY AND CULTURE
Florida's Creative Cities Index	□	□	□	□	□	□	□	✓	✓	□	□	□	□	✓	□	□
The Euro Creativity Index	□	□	□	□	□	□	□	✓	✓	□	□	□	□	✓	□	□
Czech Creativity Index	□	□	□	□	□	□	□	✓	✓	□	□	□	□	✓	□	□
Sharpie's Creativity Index	✓	✓	✓	□	✓	□	□	✓	✓	<□	✓	□	□	□	✓ <	✓
Creative Communities Index	✓	✓	✓	✓	□	□	□	□		✓ <	✓	□	□	□	✓	□
The Creative Vitality Index	□	✓	✓	□	□	□	□	□	□	□	□	□	□	□	□	□
European Creativity Index	✓	✓	✓	□	□	□	□	✓	✓	✓ <	✓	□	□	□		□
Hong Kong Creativity Index	✓	✓	✓	✓	□	□	□	✓	✓	✓ <	✓	□	✓	✓	✓	□
Cultural Life Index	✓	✓	✓	✓	□	□	□	□	□	□	□	□	□	□	✓	□
Composite Index of the Creative Economy	□	□	□	□	□	□	□	✓	✓	□	□	□	✓	✓	✓	□
Design, Creativity and Innovation Scoreboard	□	□	✓	□	□	□	□	✓	✓	□	□	□	□	✓	□	□

Differentiating the Creative Arts

Mode	Art	Entertainment
Locus	Cultural institution (GLAM) GLAM = Galleries, Libraries, Archives,	Scene, festival, mall, novelty
Value	National identity	Global diversity and difference
Attractant	Prestige (“to see the queen”) Museums 24 As in the nursery rhyme: 'Pussy cat, pussy cat, where have you been? I've been to London to see the Queen.'– Traditionally, it's the obvious reason for ordinary folk to visit the capital.	Social network (media, music, clubs, crowds)
Agency	Citizenship	Digital literacy

Interaction and Intermediation of the CCI Models

Institutions intermediating economy (CI-1 & CI-2) and business/social/virtual networks (CI-3 & CI-4)
Coordination between models/levels
Intermediaries who facilitate interactions between CI’s
Anchor firms (innovative companies that stimulate the growth of many others e.g. Microsoft helping create the software cluster in Seattle)
Mediating organizations (institutions for collaboration or mediating, exchange of information)
Outstanding university research and commercial linkages (conduit for establishing key social networks e.g. internships, visits by industry leaders)
High-end cultural institutions including galleries, museums and universities
Commercial or entrepreneurial enterprises including street markets, shopping malls and the HQs of global media companies

Categories and Indicator Groups of the Global Power Cities Index

The Global Power Cities Index
ECONOMY
Market attractiveness
Economic vitality
Business environment
Regulations and risks
R&D
Research background
Readiness for accepting and supporting researchers
Research achievement
CULTURE
Trendsetting potential
Accommodation environment
Resources for attracting visitors
Shopping and dining
Volume of interaction
LIVEABILITY
Working environment
Cost of living
Security and safety
Life support functions
ECOLOGY AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
Ecology
Pollution degree
Natural environment
ACCESSABILITY
Infrastructure of international transportation
Infrastructure of inner-city transportation

Creative Milieu

Creative opportunities, marketplaces, spaces
Integration of cultural and economic/interaction between productive consumers and creative enterprise/relationship formation
‘Novelty bundling markets’ (scenes, festivals, competitions, awards, venues allowing integration of culture and economy, productive consumers and creative enterprise)
Concerts, festivals and other dually-productive/participatory events
Integrate expert and amateur
Integrate play and work

Education, Social Learning & Experimentation

Formal and informal education including social learning
Number of students/universities/institutions
Experimentation, learning and adaption (informal, peer-to-peer);
Emergence of novelty/innovation/discovery
Input prices (range of price indexes) to education, learning and innovation
Velocity of ideas, or churn/turnover of new fads, fashions, styles, etc.

Dimensions and Indicators of Florida’s Creative Cities Index

Florida’s Creative Cities Index
TALENT
Human capital (e.g. number of university graduates, ranking of local universities, concentration of people with Bachelor’s degrees)
Creative class (e.g. percentage of workforce defined as the ‘creative class’, 'creative occupations' ISCO-88)
Researchers (number of people working in R&D-intensive jobs; creative core)
TECHNOLOGY
Innovation (e.g. number of registered patents, patents per capita)
High-tech innovation (e.g. number of registered high-tech patents, high-tech patents per capita)
High-tech industry (e.g. Milken Institute’s Tech Pole Index, number of technology-heavy companies, share of workforce employed in high-tech industry)
TOLERANCE
Foreign-borns (e.g. percentage of foreign-born population, size of foreign student population, number of international schools)
Diversity Index (e.g. fragmentation index based on ethnic background of foreign born population 1 – ! pop. share²)
Gay Index (e.g. fraction of gay people living in a region divided by the fraction of the total (US) population living in the area, tolerance surveys)
Bohemian Index (e.g. concentration of workforce engaged in artistic or avant-garde – experimental – activities)

Global City Indicators Facility ‘Themes’

City Services	Quality of Life
Education	Civic Engagement
Energy	Culture
Recreation	Economy
Fire Emergency	Environment
Response	Shelter
Governance	Social Equity
Health	Subjective
Social Services	Well-Being
Solid Waste	Technology And Innovation
Transportation
Urban Planning
Waste Water
Water

CI-1 Creative Clusters

Industry definition
Closed expert pipeline of innovation (internal to the firm)
Creative clusters of different industry sectors – advertising, architecture, publishing, software, performing arts, media production, art, design, fashion etc. – that together produce creative works or outputs (e.g. the DCMS list)
Provider-led or supply-based definition – institutional (meso level) creativity; measures of elaborate production by specialist organizations
‘Creative outputs’ – i.e. consumer goods based on creative values, including music, writing, design, performance

The Value Chain of Meaning and Global Cities

Era	1. Premodern	2. Modern	3. Global
Value Chain
Of merchandise	Origination/ production	Commodity/ distribution	Consumption/use
Of meaning	Author/ producer	Text/ performance	Reader/ audience
When, where, who (time, place, population)
When	Medieval	Modern	Global
Where	Church	Public sphere	Private life
Who (population)	The faithful	The public	DIY citizen
Who (Intermediary)	Priest	Publisher	Marketing
How (regime)
Theorist	Bible	Marx	Foucault
Subjectivity	Soul	Individual (-ism)	Experience
Power base	Pain of death/hell	War	Administration of life
Sovereignty	Monarch/divine	Nation state	Self
Military unit	Knight/crusader	Conscript/ volunteer	Terrorist
Enemy	Peer/ heretic	Country	Civilian
State	‘Hobbesian’	‘Machiavellian’	‘Kantian’
Why (knowledge)
Philosophy	Revelation	Scarcity	Plenty
Epistemology	Theology	Empiricism	Plebiscite
Educational reach	Elite	Mass	Universal
What (form)
Interpretive form	Exegesis	Criticism	Redaction (editing)
Creative form	Ritual/liturgy	Realism (science/ journalism/ novel)	Reality (TV)
What for (communicative politics)
Mode of literacy	Hear only	Read only	Read/ write
Mode of address	To convert	To convince (campaign)	To converse
Who says (choice control)
Source of control	‘Him’ – divine control	‘Them’ – expert control	‘Me’ – self control
Broker of choices	No choices	Publisher/provider	Navigator/ aggregator
Agent of knowledge	Cleric	Reading public/ media audience	‘Consumer entrepreneur’

Global Integration

7 . GLOBAL INTEGRATION	𝛚	BRI	MEL	BER	BRE	CAR	LON
7.1 International Airport Traffic
Number of international flights		27,002	31,909	218,200	35,739	9,261	375,944
	1.0	7.2	8.5	58.0	9.5	2.5	100.0
Number of international passengers		4,282,458	5,872,602	12,860,429	124,125	1,133,290	115,610,443
	1.0	3.7	5.1	11.1	0.1	1.0	100.0
International freight (tonnes)		95,351	216,869	19,678	21,563	38	1,470,504
	1.0	6.5	14.7	1.3	1.5	0.0	100.0
Number of cities linked by direct international flights		76	69	171	27	44	176
	1.0	43.2	39.2	97.2	15.3	25.0	100.0
Travel distance between inner city and airport (km)		15	24	12	6	21	27
	1.0	40.0	25.0	50.0	100.0	28.6	22.2
Travel time between inner city and airport (minutes)		21	23	22	13	35	32
	1.0	61.9	56.5	59.1	100.0	37.1	40.6
7.2 Flow of People
Total migration
Arrivals		108,913	161,801	147,769	31,446	27,858	604,785
Departures		78,378	102,436	130,951	30,555	24,750	601,227
NET TOTAL MIGRATION		30,536	59,365	16,818	891	3,108	3,558
	1.0	51.4	100.0	28.3	1.5	5.2	6.0
Population turnover
From overseas migration		4.22%	3.75%	3.51%	3.76%	3.13%	3.50%
From interstate migration		4.95%	2.73%	4.60%	7.56%	12.30%	11.91%
FROM TOTAL MIGRATION		9.17%	6.48%	8.11%	11.32%	15.42%	15.41%
	1.0	59.4	42.0	52.6	73.4	100.0	99.9
7.3 Globalization
GaWC globalization		50	75	67	8	8	100
	1.0	50.0	75.0	66.7	8.3	8.3	100.0
Number of ✓connectives" (GaWC specification of the World City Network)		17,537	29,599	23,035	6,989	4,900	63,354
	1.0	27.7	46.7	36.4	11.0	7.7	100.0
GLOBAL SUB-INDEX INTEGRATION		40.5	52.2	46.0	28.3	25.4	76.7

‘Virtual’ Clustering & Networks

Online digital networks
Social networks, real or online
Digital technologies/social networks
Technologically equipped culture
Entrepreneurial (or experimental) consumption (signalling, social learning)
An advanced communications infrastructure on which modern transnational corporations rely, such as fibre optics, Wi-Fi networks, cellular phone services, and other high-speed lines of communications

Cultural Clash

Diversity and quality of place
Competition/contestation
City density
Urban metabolism rate (population turnover)
Places in flux – new socioeconomic and ethnic groups, challenge to an old, established order)
Culturally diverse populations (multiculturalism, backgrounds, experiences and talents) and tolerance
Subversion of conventional wisdom
Clusters of people/visitors/consumers (diversity of clusters)
Festivals, events, happenings, novelty, places to mingle, scenes, competitions, venues
The role of ‘place’/localness

Creative Industries Scale, Scope & Employment

1. CREATIVE INDUSTRIES SCALE, SCOPE & EMPLOYMENT	𝛚	BRI	MEL	BER	BRE	CAR	LON
1.1 Creative Industries Scale (CI-1: Creative Clusters)
Size of the creative sector (in millions of dollars at PPP)
Music & performing arts		77	154	574	37	37	1,854
Film, television & radio		254	785	483	59	111	3,533
Advertising & marketing		73	154	486	100	27	4,518
Software development & interactive content		865	2,298	683	105	36	15,292
Writing, publishing & print media		473	1,052	914	168	55	5,851
Architecture, design & visual arts		262	616	371	110	47	3,070
TOTAL CREATIVE INDUSTRIES		2,003	5,059	3,512	579	313	33,981
PER CAPITA		980.18	1,240.88	1,012.48	1,057.47	917.74	4,342.45
1.0		22.6	28.6	23.3	24.4	21.1	100.0
Size of the creative sector (in number of firms)
Music & performing arts		1,117	2,232	5,329	180	335	11,621
Film, television & radio		496	1,528	1,263	224	279	6,716
Advertising & marketing		1,164	2,465	2,183	230	419	5,584
Software development & interactive content		3,568	9,494	2,158	224	113	30,826
Writing, publishing & print media		389	867	1,732	314	64	2,905
Architecture, design & visual arts		4,001	9,405	4,967	628	508	10,036
TOTAL CREATIVE INDUSTRIES		10,735	25,990	17,632	1,800	1,718	67,688
PER 1,000 POPULATION		5.25	6.37	5.08	3.29	5.04	8.65
1.0		15.9	38.4	26.0	2.7	2.5	100.0
1.2 Creative Industries Scope (CI-1: Creative Clusters)
Diversity of the creative sector (taken of the above categories in millions of dollars at PPP)
Fragmentation index (1 = diverse, 0 = homogenous)		0.72	0.71	0.82	0.80	0.79	0.73
	0.5	88.2	86.7	100.0	98.1	96.5	89.0
Shannon's diversity index (higher = more diverse)		1.48	1.44	1.75	1.70	1.67	1.54
	0.5	84.4	82.5	100.0	97.2	95.5	88.1
Diversity of the creative sector (taken of the above categories in number of firms)
Fragmentation index (1 = diverse, 0 = homogenous)		0.72	0.71	0.78	0.79	0.78	0.72
	0.5	91.7	90.5	99.3	100.0	98.7	91.5
Shannon's diversity index (higher = more diverse)		1.47	1.45	1.65	1.68	1.62	1.51
	0.5	87.7	86.3	98.3	100.0	96.4	90.1
1.3 Creative Industries Employment (CI-1: Creative Clusters; CI-2: Creative Services)
Number of people employed in creative sector
Music & performing arts		2,869	7,452	11,523	746	1,122	115,380
Film, television & radio		5,291	13,742	11,948	933	2,178	75,084
Advertising & marketing		1,435	3,726	9,649	1,297	528	112,889
Software development & interactive content		15,965	41,466	16,693	2,483	726	284,110
Writing, publishing & print media		5,831	15,144	15,902	2,253	792	89,270
Architecture, design & visual arts		10,266	26,664	5,300	2,289	1,254	137,150
TOTAL CREATIVE INDUSTRIES		41,657	108,194	71,015	10,001	6,600	813,883
PER 1,000 POPULATION		20.39	26.54	20.47	18.27	19.35	104.01
	1.0	19.6	25.5	19.7	17.6	18.6	100.0
CREATIVE INDUSTRIES SCALE, SCOPE & EMPLOYMENT SUB-INDEX		49.8	54.4	53.4	49.2	51.7	96.6

Checklist of City Index Dimensions and Indicators: Flows

CITY INDEX CHECKLIST	Culture, Recreation, Tourism	Creative Output, Employment	Cultural Capital, Participation	Venues, Resources, Facilities	Liveability, Amenities	Transport, Accessibility	Globalization, Networks, Exchange	Openness, Tolerance, Diversity	Human Capital, Talent, Education	Social Capital, Engagement, Support	Government, Regulation	Business Activity, Economy	Entrepreneurship	Innovation, R&D	Technology, ICT	Environment, Ecology
GLOBAL CITIES, NETWORKS AND TECH/ICT
The Global Power Cities Index	✓	□	□	□	✓	✓	□	□	□	□	□	✓	□	✓	□	✓
The Global Cities Index	✓	□	□	✓	□	✓	✓	✓	✓	□	✓	✓	□	□		□
Global City Indicators Facility	✓	✓	✓	□	✓	✓	□	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	□	✓	✓	✓
Fundamental and Flow Index	✓	□	□	□	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	□	□	□	✓	✓	✓	□
The Globalization and World Cities Index	□	✓	□	□	□	□	✓	□	□	□	□	□	□	□	□	□
The Shift Index	□	□	□	□	□	□	✓		✓	□	✓		✓	□		□
World Knowledge Competitive Index	□	□	□	□	□	□	□	□	✓	□	□		✓			□
Information Society Index	□	□	□	□	□	□	□	□	□	□	□	□	□	□	✓	□
OTHER APPROACHES
Oslo Manual	□	□	□	□	□	□	□	□	□	□	□	□	□	✓	✓	□
Creativity Grid	✓	□	□	✓	✓	□	✓	✓	✓	□	□	□	✓	□	✓	□
Landry's Index	□	□	□	□	✓	□	✓	✓	✓	□	✓	□	✓	□	□	□

The Activities Included Within CCI’s Creative Segments Definition

SEGMENT AND SECTOR	SUB-SEGMENT	MAJOR ACTIVITIES
Music and Performing Arts	Music	Music Composition
		Music Performance
		Music Recording
		Music Composition Publishing
	Performing Arts	Performing Arts General
		Performing Arts Dance and Ballet
		Performing Arts Drama
		Performing Arts Venues
		Performing Arts Opera
Film, TV and Radio	Radio	Radio Program Production
	Film and TV	Film Production
		Film Special Effects Post Production
		Film Scriptwriting
		TV Broadcasting
		Film and Video Libraries
Advertising and Marketing	Services	Advertising Services
		Marketing Services
		Advertising Media
Software and Interactive Content	Software	Software Development
	Software	Software Product Publishing
	Interactive Content	Multimedia Internet Development
		Interactive and Online Games Development
		Interactive Games Publishers
		Multimedia Internet Service Providers
		Multimedia Internet Content Publishing
Publishing	Publishing	Newspaper Publishing
		Periodicals Publishing
		Book Publishing
	Composition	Writing
	Composition	Libraries
Architecture, Design and Visual Arts	Design	Architecture
		Graphic Arts and Illustration
		Jewellery Design
		Fashion Design
		Interior Design
		Product Design
		Marine Architecture
		Other Specialised Design
	Visual Arts	Museums and Gallaries
		Visual Arts, Painters, Sculpters
		Photography

Interaction of Agents

For ideas to be generated and propagated
Relations among networked agents (producers or consumers)
Social learning via widespread participation in mediated interaction
Social contagion dynamics/social network markets (Potts et al 2008a)
Role of the consumer/integration of consumer and producer