Figure 1
Flow chart of the study.
Note. The figure shows the complete participant flow chart of the study.
Table 1
Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Participants.
| VARIABLES | AGE (YEARS) [MEAN (SD)] | FIRST ADMISSION [n(%)] | READMISSIONS [n (%)] | NUMBER OF READMISSIONS [MEAN (SD)] | HOSPITAL ATTENDANCE (DAYS) [MEAN (SD)] | ACUTE DISEASE [n(%)] | CHRONIC DISEASE [n(%)] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 11.32 (1.90) | 38 (73%) | 14 (27%) | 4.63 (4.30) | 9.93 (9.60) | 41 (78.6) | 11 (21.2) | |
| Gender | Female (n = 31) | 11.51 (1.99) | 22 (71%) | 9 (29%) | 2.56 (1.50) | 9.20 (9.38) | 25 (80.6) | 6 (19.4) |
| Male (n = 21) | 11.00 (2) | 16 (76%) | 5 (24%) | 5.60 (8.11) | 10.67 (10) | 16 (76.2) | 5 (23.8) | |
| p value | 0.97 | 0.68 | 0.28 | 0.59 | 0.74 | |||
| Mean difference (95% CI) | –0.49 (–21.0–20.7) | NA | NA | 3.04 (–2.84–8.93) | –1.46 (–4.95–6.08) | NA | NA | |
| Power (%) (Z value/SE) | NA | 13.36 (0.422/0.123) | 5.55 (–0.422/0.136) | NA | NA | |||
[i] Note. NA = not applicable; SD = standard deviation; SE = standard error; CI = confidence interval.
Figure 2
Study Protocol.
Note. Figure 2 shows a summary of the study protocol.
Table 2
Assessment of School Resilience Scale (SRS) upon admission to hospital school. Analysis of risk factors associated with the disease that could affect resilience.
| VARIABLES | OVERALL SRS | IDENTITY | ENVIRONMENT | LEARNING | INTERNAL RESOURCES | EXTERNAL RESOURCES | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Girl | 51.26 (31.10) | 52.70 (28.99) | 55.19 (31.72) | 50.51 (31.98) | 46.29 (30.93) | 50.97 (27.81) |
| Boy | 49.12 (29.91) | 50.11 (30.51) | 49.17 (34.51) | 52.40 (31.32) | 42.11 (27.51) | 52.14 (29.85) | |
| p-value | 0.674 | 0.972 | 0.523 | 0.954 | 0.361 | 0.965 | |
| Mean difference (95% CI) | –4.14 (–24.0–15.7) | –0.32 (–18.8–18.2) | –6.77 (–28.0–14.5) | –0.59 (–21.1–19.9) | –8.7 (–27.9–10.4) | –0.46 (–21.5–20.6) | |
| Admissions | First | 52.15 (30.4) | 54.13 (31.82) | 51.33 (34.43) | 58.11 (33.81) | 46.12 (26.84) | 51.13 (23.83) |
| Readmission | 48.23 (30.6) | 48.12 (27.68) | 52 (31.80) | 48.15 (29.49) | 42.11 (31.60) | 51 (33.83) | |
| p-value | 0.599 | 0.301 | 0.853 | 0.375 | 0.488 | 0.707 | |
| Mean difference (95% CI) | 5.58 (–15.7–26.9) | 7.29 (–9.6–30.1) | –2.12 (–25.1–20.9) | 9.62 (–12.1–31.3) | 4.12 (–13.5–27.7) | 0.23 (–18.4–26.8) | |
| Type of disease | Acute | 52.00 (30.65) | 59.85 (28.57) | 54.83 (32.63) | 57.67 (32.82) | 51.50 (29.63) | 60.83 (32.86) |
| Chronic | 41.00 (27.97) | 41.00 (28.17) | 44.00 (32.73) | 46.00 (25.25) | 35.00 (26.67) | 51.50 (30.01) | |
| p-value | 0.210 | 0.074 | 0.369 | 0.312 | 0.127 | 0.432 | |
| Mean difference (95% CI) | 14.00 (–8.2–36.2) | 18.85 (–1.9–39.6) | 10.83 (–13.3–35.0) | 11.67 (–11.4–34.7) | 16.50 (–4.9–37.9) | 9.33 (–14.5–33.1) | |
[i] Note. Data are expressed as the mean of the obtained adjusted percentile and standard deviation (SD). There were no statistical differences between values. CI = Confidence Interval.
Table 3
Assessment of satisfaction with school provision according to the adapted Likert-based visual scale.
| VARIABLES | ENJOYMENT | USEFULNESS | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Girl | 3.47 (0.64) | 3.29 (0.64) |
| Boy | 3.94 (0.61) | 3.80 (0.52) | |
| p value | 0.22 | 0.23 | |
| Mean difference (95% CI) | 0.47 (–0.34–1.28) | 0.51 (–0.41–1.42) | |
| Admissions | First | 3.72 (0.75) | 3.83 (0.47) |
| Readmission | 3.76 (0.64) | 3.33 (0.76) | |
| p value | 0.91 | 0.28 | |
| Mean difference (95% CI) | –0.04 (–1.01–0.92) | 0.5 (–0.55–1.55) | |
| Type of disease | Acute | 3.80 (0.69) | 3.64 (0.64) |
| Chronic | 3.44 (0.51) | 3.44 (0.63) | |
| p value | 0.44 | 0.68 | |
| Mean difference (95% CI) | 0.35 (–0.63–1.33) | 0.19 (–0.87–1.26) | |
[i] Note. Enjoyment means: “I enjoyed learning the lesson”. Usefulness means: “This lesson helped me not to worry about my stay in the hospital”. Values are expressed as mean (SD). CI = Confidence interval.
Figure 3
Assessment of perceived satisfaction and usefulness with school lessons according to the adapted Likert visual scale.
Note. Enjoyment: “I enjoyed learning the lesson”. Usefulness: “This lesson helped me not to worry about my stay in the hospital”. Values are expressed as mean (SD).
Table 4
Comparison of the School Resilience Scale (SRS) assessment upon admission to the hospital school and before the hospital discharge.
| VARIABLES | OVERALL SRS | IDENTITY | ENVIRONMENT | LEARNING | INTERNAL RESOURCES | EXTERNAL RESOURCES |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Admission | 50.19 (30.5) | 51.44 (29.75) | 51.66 (33.11) | 51.45 (31.61) | 44.20 (29.22) | 51.55 (28.83) |
| Discharge | 63.40 (35.12) | 62.88 (35.81) | 66.00 (33.26) | 59.60 (34.3) | 60.80 (35.35) | 56.40 (33.48) |
| p-value | 0.022 | 0.027 | 0.061 | 0.432 | 0.011 | 0.116 |
| Mean difference(95% CI) | –12.8(–23.6 – –2.0) | –11.5(–21.7 – –1.4) | –14.2(–27.0–0.6) | –5.8(–13.6–6.0) | –16.4(–28.7 ––4.1) | –3.0(–18.1–2.1) |
[i] Note. Data are expressed as the mean of obtained adjusted percentile and standard deviation (SD). CI = confidence interval. In bold p-value <0 .05.
Table 5
SRS means upon admission and discharge by groups of length of school attendance.
| SCHOOL ATTENDANCE | SRS AT ADMISSION [MEAN (SD)] | SRS AT DISCHARGE [MEAN (SD)] | BETWEEN-SUBJECTS p-VALUE |
|---|---|---|---|
| <3 days | 77 (18) | 76 (30) | 0.014 |
| >3 days | 36 (28) | 57 (37) | |
| Within-subjects p-value | 0.035 | ||
[i] Note. Within-subjects and between-subjects p-values of mixed ANOVA tests are shown.
Table 6
Mixed ANOVA tests with SRS values upon admission and discharge as dependent variables.
| VARIABLE | p-VALUE | |
|---|---|---|
| Within-subjects | Between-subjects | |
| Gender | 0.939 | 0.812 |
| Age (<11 years vs >11 years) | 0.988 | 0.990 |
| Chronic disease | 0.462 | 0.774 |
| Readmission | 0.534 | 0.460 |
| Likert – Enjoyment | 0.577 | 0.108 |
| Likert – Usefulness | 0.656 | 0.779 |
[i] Note. The associations of the different variables were measured within-subjects and between-subjects, considering the between-subjects factor “school attendance” to control the interaction of this variable.
Table 7
Univariate linear regression analysis for ΔOverall SRS.
| VARIABLE | pVALUE | β (CI 95%) |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | 0.489 | –7.4 (–29.3–14.4) |
| Age (year) | 0.724 | 0.9 (–4.5–6.4) |
| Readmission | 0.954 | –0.7 (–23.2–24.5) |
| Chronic disease | 0,838 | –2.6 (–28.4–23.3) |
| Hospitalisation (days) | 0.365 | –0.551 (–0.684–1.786) |
| HS Attendance > 3 days | 0.035 | 22.6 (1.8–43.5) |
| Likert – Enjoyment | 0.029 | 32.2 (4.1–60.2) |
| Likert – Usefulness | 0.045 | 21.8 (0.7–42.8) |
[i] Note. HS = Hospital School. CI = confidence interval. In bold p value < 0.05.