Figure 1
Proposed Conceptual Framework of the Study.
Table 1
Participant Inclusion and Exclusion.
| INCLUSION CRITERIA | EXCLUSION |
|---|---|
| Currently enrolled in a high school | Students not currently enrolled |
| Aged between 14 and 18 | Individuals outside the age range |
| Signed informed consent | Unwillingness to provide informed consent |
Table 2
Participants’ Demographic Information.
| VARIABLE | CATEGORY | FREQUENCY | PERCENT |
|---|---|---|---|
| Major | Humanities | 72 | 27.2 |
| Experimental sciences | 78 | 29.4 | |
| Physics and mathematics | 58 | 21.9 | |
| Others | 57 | 21.5 | |
| School | Public | 172 | 64.9 |
| Private | 38 | 14.3 | |
| Gifted | 55 | 20.8 | |
| Gender | Male | 106 | 40 |
| Female | 159 | 60 |
Figure 2
Detailed Participant Demographics.
Table 3
Relationship Among GPA, Alexithymia (Alex), and School Refusal (F1, F2, F3, F4).
| VARIABLES | GPA | ALEX | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GPA | 1 | –0.35** | 0.03 | –0.12 | –0.11 | –0.06 |
| Alex | –0.35** | 1 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.12* | –0.04 |
| F1 | 0.033 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.61** | 0.43** | 0.09 |
| F2 | –0.17 | 0.01 | 0.61** | 1 | 0.42** | –0.05 |
| F3 | –0.11 | 0.12* | 0.43** | 0.42** | 1 | 0.17** |
| F4 | –0.06 | –0.04 | 0.09 | –0.05 | 0.17** | 1 |
[i] ***p < 0.001 – Very strong evidence of statistical significance.
**p < 0.01 – Strong evidence of statistical significance.
*p < 0.05 – Some evidence of statistical significance.
p < 0.1 – No evidence of statistical significance.
Table 4
Summary of Kruskal-Wallis Tests.
| VARIABLE | MODERATOR | X2 | p-VALUE |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alexithymia | Gender | 0.69 | 0.41 |
| F1 | Gender | 0.19 | 0.66 |
| F2 | Gender | 2.24 | 0.14 |
| F3 | Gender | 3.48 | 0.06 |
| F4 | Gender | 0.01 | 0.93 |
| GPA | Gender | 27.70 | <0.001*** |
| GPA | School | 10.25 | 0.005** |
| Alexithymia | Major | 10.66 | 0.01* |
| F1 | Major | 4.84 | 0.184 |
| F2 | Major | 8.66 | 0.03* |
| F3 | Major | 2.70 | 0.44 |
| F4 | Major | 4.83 | 0.18 |
| GPA | Major | 58.93 | <0.0001*** |
| Alexithymia | School | 3.80 | 0.15 |
| F1 | School | 0.32 | 0.85 |
| F2 | School | 0.20 | 0.90 |
| F3 | School | 0.38 | 0.83 |
| F4 | School | 10.16 | 0.006** |
[i] ***p < 0.001 – Very strong evidence of statistical significance.
**p < 0.01 – Strong evidence of statistical significance.
*p < 0.05 – Some evidence of statistical significance.
p < 0.1 – No evidence of statistical significance.
Table 5
Results of Dunn’s Test With Bonferroni Correction for Significant Variables.
| VARIABLE | COMPARISON | ROW MEAN-COL MEAN | p-VALUE |
|---|---|---|---|
| GPA by Major | Group 2 – Group 1 | –0.47 | 1 |
| GPA by Major | Group 3 – Group 1 | –1.99 | 0.14 |
| GPA by Major | Group 3 – Group 2 | –1.59 | 0.34 |
| GPA by Major | Group 4 – Group 1 | –6.95 | <0.0001*** |
| GPA by Major | Group 4 – Group 2 | –6.63 | <0.0001*** |
| GPA by Major | Group 4 – Group 3 | –4.72 | <0.0001*** |
| F2 by Major | Group 2 – Group 1 | –2.05 | 0.12 |
| F2 by Major | Group 3 – Group 1 | –1.57 | 0.35 |
| F2 by Major | Group 3 – Group 2 | 0.33 | 1 |
| F2 by Major | Group 4 – Group 1 | 0.55 | 1 |
| F2 by Major | Group 4 – Group 2 | 2.48 | 0.04* |
| F2 by Major | Group 4 – Group 3 | 2.01 | 0.13 |
| F4 by School | Group 2 – Group 1 | –2.69 | 0.01** |
| F4 by School | Group 3 – Group 1 | –2.23 | 0.04* |
| F4 by School | Group 3 – Group 2 | 0.65 | 0.77 |
| Alexithymia by Major | Group 2 – Group 1 | 1.69 | 0.27 |
| Alexithymia by Major | Group 3 – Group 1 | 1.94 | 0.16 |
| Alexithymia by Major | Group 3 – Group 2 | 0.38 | 1 |
| Alexithymia by Major | Group 4 – Group 1 | 3.21 | 0.004** |
| Alexithymia by Major | Group 4 – Group 2 | 1.69 | 0.27 |
| Alexithymia by Major | Group 4 – Group 3 | 1.22 | 0.66 |
| GPA by School | Group 2 – Group 1 | –0.76 | 0.66 |
| GPA by School | Group 3 – Group 1 | –3.20 | 0.002** |
| GPA by School | Group 3 – Group 2 | –1.70 | 0.13 |
[i] ***p < 0.001 – Very strong evidence of statistical significance.
**p < 0.01 – Strong evidence of statistical significance.
*p < 0.05 – Some evidence of statistical significance.
p < 0.1 – No evidence of statistical significance.
Table 6
Summary of Causal Mediation Analysis Results.
| MODEL | ESTIMATE | CI LOWER | CI UPPER | p-VALUE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| F1 Mediator | ||||
| ACME | 0.0001 | –0.007 | 0 | 0.98 |
| ADE | –0.029 | –0.039 | –0.02 | <.001*** |
| TE | –0.029 | –0.039 | –0.02 | <.001*** |
| Prop. Med. | –0.0001 | –0.003 | 0.02 | 0.98 |
| F2 Mediator | ||||
| ACME | –0.001 | –0.002 | 0 | 0.94 |
| ADE | –0.029 | –0.039 | –0.02 | <.001*** |
| TE | –0.029 | –0.039 | –0.02 | <.001*** |
| Prop. Med. | 0.017 | –0.047 | 0.05 | 0.94 |
| F3 Mediator | ||||
| ACME | –0.001 | –0.002 | 0 | 0.27 |
| ADE | –0.029 | –0.038 | –0.02 | <.001*** |
| TE | –0.029 | –0.039 | –0.02 | <.001*** |
| Prop. Med. | 0.020 | –0.018 | 0.09 | 0.27 |
| F4 Mediator | ||||
| ACME | 0.0002 | –0.001 | 0 | 0.59 |
| ADE | –0.030 | –0.039 | –0.02 | <.001*** |
| TE | –0.029 | –0.039 | –0.02 | <.001*** |
| Prop. Med. | –0.005 | –0.045 | 0.02 | 0.59 |
[i] ***p < 0.001 – Very strong evidence of statistical significance.
**p < 0.01 – Strong evidence of statistical significance.
*p < 0.05 – Some evidence of statistical significance.
p < 0.1 – No evidence of statistical significance.
Table 7
Moderating Effects of Academic Major on the Relationship Between Alexithymia and GPA.
| INTERACTION | COEFFICIENT | SE | t-value | p-value | LOWER CI | UPPER CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alex × Experimental Sciences | 0.035 | 0.01 | 2.90 | 0.004 | 0.011 | 0.059 |
| Alex × Mathematics | 0.050 | 0.01 | 3.67 | <0.001 | 0.023 | 0.078 |
| Alex × Other Disciplines | 0.056 | 0.01 | 4.33 | <0.0001 | 0.031 | 0.082 |
Figure 3
Moderating Effect Sizes of Majors on GPA.
Figure 4
Path Model of Effective Factors on GPA.
Table 8
Parameter Estimates From the Path Model.
| FIT INDEX | VALUE | RECOMMENDED THRESHOLD |
|---|---|---|
| Chi-square (p-value) | 1.499 (0.982) | > 0.05 indicates a good fit |
| CFI | 1 | > 0.95 indicates a good fit |
| TLI | 1.052 | > 0.95 indicates a good fit |
| RMSEA | <0.0001 | < 0.06 indicates a good fit |
| p-value RMSEA ≤ 0.050 | 0.998 | – |
| SRMR | 0.008 | < 0.08 indicates a good fit |