The Origin of the ‘Chicago Method’ Excavation Techniques: Contributions of William Nickerson and Frederick Starr

Illinois State Museum Library Rare Book Room William B. Nickerson Records Illinois Archaeology, University of Chicago Field Expedition Notes with cross references to Card Index, maps and Photos, also alphabetical numerical key to all photos, Summer 1926, June 26, to August 28 Paul S. Martin and John F. Blackburn; and Journal of Mound Exploration in vicinity of Galena, Illinois, in September 1926 (August 31 – September 20, 1926), Paul S. Martin, John F. Blackburn, Wilton Krogman, and Robert Redfield

Alex L M Exploring Iowa’s Past: A Guide to Prehistoric Archaeology Iowa City University of Iowa Press 1980

Alex L M Iowa’s Archaeological Past Iowa City University of Iowa Press 2000

Anderson D C The Development of Archeology in Iowa: An Overview The Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science 1975 82 1 71 86 Pt. 2

Anonymous On Methods of Archaeological Research in America Johns Hopkins University Circulars 1886 49 89 92

Browman D L Browman D. L. Williams S. Origins of Stratigraphic Excavation in North America: The Peabody Museum Method and the Chicago Method New Perspectives of the Origins of Americanist Archaeology Tuscaloosa University of Alabama Press 2002 242 264

Cattell J M Cattell J. M. Frederick Starr American Men of Science: A Biographical Directory New York The Science Press 1910 2nd ed. 446 447

Darnell R The Development of American Anthropology 1879–1920: From the Bureau of American Ethnology to Franz Boas PhD: Department of Anthropology Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania 1969

Darnell R And Along Came Boas: Continuity and Revolution in Americanist Anthropology Philadelphia John Benjamins Publishing Co. 1998

Evans N L Frederick Starr: Missionary for Anthropology M.A. Thesis: Department of Anthropology Bloomington Indiana University 1987

McVicker D Frederick Starr and the Walker Museum Council for Museum Anthropology Newsletter 1986 10 1 6 14 10.1525/mua.1986.10.1.6

McVicker D Christenson A. L. Prejudice and Context: The Anthropological Archaeologist as Historian Tracing Archaeology’s Past: The Historiography of Archaeology Carbondale Southern Illinois University Press 1989 113 126

McVicker D Frederick Starr: Popularizer of Anthropology, Public Intellectual, and Genuine Eccentric Lanham Altamira Press 2012

Miller R B Anthropology and Institutionalization: Frederick Starr at the University of Chicago, 1892–1923 Kroeber Anthropological Society Papers 1978 51/52 49 60

Nickerson W B Stone Graves of Northwestern Illinois Records of the Past 1908a 7 1 52 58

Nickerson W B Mounds of Northwestern Illinois Records of the Past 1908b 7 2 85 95

Nickerson W B The Mound-Builders: A Plea for the Conservation of the Antiquities of the Central and Southern States Records of the Past 1911 10 6 334 338

Nickerson W B The Burial Mounds at Albany, Illinois Records of the Past 1912 11 2 69 81

Nickerson W B On an Archaeological Reconnaissance of Manitoba Summary Report of the Geological Survey of Canada, Department of Mines, for the Calendar Year 1912 Ottawa 1913a 504

Nickerson W B Archaeology of Jo Daviess County, Illinois, 1895–1901 – Explorations of W. B. Nickerson Report to the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University. Typescript, 147 pp. Manuscript collection Illinois State Museum, Springfield 1913b

Nickerson W B On Archaeological Research in the Valley of the Souris River, Southwestern Manitoba Summary Report of the Geological Survey of Canada, Department of Mines, for the Calendar Year 1913 Ottawa 1914 387 388

Nickerson W B Capes K. H. The W. B. Nickerson Survey and Excavations, 1912–15, of the Southern Manitoba Mounds Region Anthropological Papers, National Museum of Canada, No. 4 1963

Nickerson W B Archaeological Evidences in Minnesota: Explorations of the Minnesota Historical Society in the Years 1913 and 1916 in the Valley of the Minnesota River by William B. Nickerson Under the Direction of Newton H. Winchell and Warren Upham Minnesota Archaeologist 1988 47 2 4 40

Putnam F W Report of the Curator. 18th Annual Report for 1884 Annual Reports of the Peabody Museum of American Anthropology and Ethnology 1885 3 4 401 418

Putnam F W Report of the Curator. 19th Annual Report for 1885 Annual Reports of the Peabody Museum of American Anthropology and Ethnology 1886 3 5 477 501

Putnam F W Report of the Curator. 20th Annual Report for 1886 Annual Reports of the Peabody Museum of American Anthropology and Ethnology 1887 3 7 535 570

Putnam F W Report of the Curator. 21st Annual Report for 1887 Annual Reports of the Peabody Museum of American Anthropology and Ethnology 1888 4 1 11 16

Starr F Shell-heaps at Cedar Rapids American Antiquarian 1887 9 5 303 (Note: Starr 1897b says article mistakenly previously attributed by the journal to N. G. Evans)

Starr F Mounds and Lodge Circles in Iowa American Antiquarian 1888a 9 6 361 363

Starr F Preservation by Copper Salts American Antiquarian 1888b 10 5 279 282

Starr F Perforated Skulls from Michigan American Antiquarian 1890 12 3 165 166

Starr F Mound Exploration in Northwestern Iowa Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences 1893a 5 110 112

Starr F Iowa Thunderstorms – Notes for the Summer of 1887 Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences 1893b 5 81 99 (read Dec. 2, 1887)

Starr F Bibliography of Iowa Antiquities. Presented 1887. Updated 1892 Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences 1897a 6 1 24

Starr F Summary of the Archaeology of Iowa Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences 1897b 6 53 124 1895

Starr F Circular of Suggestion Regarding Work in Archaeology Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences 1897c 6 340 343 June 28, 1895

Starr F The Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences Appleton’s Popular Science Monthly 1897d 51 83 98

Starr F Work in Anthropology at the University of Chicago Privately printed Davenport, Iowa Press of Edward Borcherdt 1897e

Starr F The Iowa Anthropological Association American Antiquarian 1905 27 2 101 103

Wilson T Results of an Inquiry as to the Existence of Man in North America During the Paleolithic Period of the Stone Age Smithsonian Institution, Annual Report for the Year Ending June 30, 1888, United States National Museum 1890 677 702