Figure 1:
Location maps of the mass housing projects in Türkiye discussed in the study: (a) Kocaeli; (b) İzmit in Kocaeli; (c) locations of the eight projects; and (d) İzmit City.
Figure 2:
Mass housing projects in the study.
Note: Photo numbers are associated with the site names listed in Figure 3.
Figure 3:
Site plans with solid–void representation.
Figure 4:
Research model.
Table 1
Comparison of the physical characteristics of the project areas in İzmit.
| PROJECT | PROJECT AREA (m²) | BLOCKS (n) | BUILDING COVERAGE AREA (m²) | BLOCK FLOOR AREA (m²) | DETACHED UNITS (n) | ACTIVE GREEN (m²) | PLAY GROUND (m²) | SPORT FACILITIES (m²) | CAR PARKING (m²) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yahya Kaptan Residences | 1,014,379 | 210 | 93,212 | 590,015 | 5,386 | 551,192 | 6,379 | 36,887 | 63,213 |
| Yuvam Akarca Residences | 810,760 | 132 | 70,244 | 483,857 | 3,899 | 303,416 | 6,384 | 3,812 | 51,694 |
| İzmitkent-1 | 40,683 | 10 | 7,257 | 80,521 | 555 | 14,369 | 632 | 573 | 6,634 |
| İzmitkent-2 | 34,393 | 14 | 5,942 | 68,151 | 679 | 13,790 | 319 | 458 | 3,832 |
| İzmitkent-3 | 30,726 | 16 | 5,129 | 27,106 | 696 | 14,885 | 449 | 0 | 3,237 |
| İzmitkent-4 | 10,536 | 5 | 1,803 | 21,636 | 220 | 4,738 | 216 | 0 | 983 |
| Yildiz Residences | 43,596 | 11 | 8,307 | 141,226 | 687 | 12,401 | 1,028 | 622 | 13,268 |
| İzmitkent-5 | 24,322 | 8 | 3,830 | 46,467 | 494 | 12,467 | 464 | 499 | 2,675 |
Table 2
Realised land-use indicators in the project areas of İzmit.
| PROJECT | YEAR | CAR PARKING PER DETACHED UNIT (n) | ACTIVE GREEN PER DETACHED UNIT (n) | PLAY GROUND PER DETACHED UNIT (n) | SPORT FACILITIES PER DETACHED UNIT (n) | ACTUAL BUILDING COVERAGE RATIO (A.BCR) | ACTUAL FLOOR AREA RATIO (A.FAR) | BUILDING PROXIMITY INDEX (BPI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yahya Kaptan Residences | 1990 | 12 | 102 | 1.18 | 6.85 | 0.09 | 0.58 | 1.627 |
| Yuvam Akarca Residences | 2000 | 13 | 78 | 1.64 | 0.98 | 0.09 | 0.60 | 1.491 |
| İzmitkent-1 | 2008 | 11 | 26 | 1.14 | 1.03 | 0.18 | 1.98 | 1.047 |
| İzmitkent-2 | 2009 | 6 | 20 | 0.47 | 0.67 | 0.17 | 1.98 | 0.622 |
| İzmitkent-3 | 2010 | 5 | 21 | 0.65 | 0.00 | 0.17 | 0.88 | 0.620 |
| İzmitkent-4 | 2011 | 4 | 22 | 0.98 | 0.00 | 0.17 | 2.05 | 0.395 |
| Yildiz Residences | 2013 | 19 | 18 | 1.50 | 0.90 | 0.19 | 3.24 | 1.018 |
| İzmitkent-5 | 2014 | 5 | 25 | 0.94 | 1.01 | 0.16 | 1.91 | 1.319 |
Figure 5:
Actual building coverage ratio (A.BCR), actual floor area ratio (A.FAR), building proximity index (BPI) and active green graphics in Table 2.
Table 3
What kind of arrangements are needed to implement a project similar to the 1990 project?
| EXPERTS (n) | % | |
|---|---|---|
| Construction and land costs should remain low | 9 | 60% |
| Implementation may be possible through government interventions | 8 | 53% |
| Accurately designed and effectively implemented legislations and planning processes are needed | 5 | 33% |
| The land and ownership structure plays a critical role | 4 | 27% |
| Profit-oriented or rent-seeking motives should be avoided | 3 | 20% |
| Political and administrative facilitators are of significant importance | 2 | 13% |
[i] Note: A total of 15 experts were interviewed.