Figure 1
Daylight components in relation to daylight factor (DF) and climate-based modelling.
Note: Sunlight = direct rays from the sun; skylight = diffuse light from the sky.
Source: Adapted from Mardaljevic et al. (2009)
Table 1
Case study inventory (all buildings: white interior walls; integrated blinds, except for CS9).
| CASE STUDY (CS) | LOCATION | ESTIMATED YEAR OF CONSTRUCTION | ORIENTATION OF BALCONY | LEVEL | BALCONY WINDOW AND DOOR SIZES: BEHIND BALCONY WIDTH × HEIGHT – SILL HEIGHT (m) | CEILING HEIGHT (m) | BALCONY SIZE: LENGTH × DEPTH (m) | BALCONY GLAZING: MANUFACTURER; LENGTH | RAILING | COLOUR OF INTERNAL BALCONY WALLS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Tampere | 2018 | North-west | 7 | Window = 0.9 × 1.8 – 0.5 Balcony door = 1.0 × 2.3 | 2.6 | 2.3/2.9 × 2 | Frameless/half length | Transparent glass | Sides: light Back: light |
| 2 | Oulu | 2019 | South-east | 4 | Window 1 = 1.4 × 1.85 – 1.0 Window 2 = 0.5 × 2.85 Balcony door plus window 3 above door = 0.9 × 2.1 + 0.9 × 0.75 – 2.1 | 3.4 | 4.2 × 1.5 | Frameless/half length | Transparent glass | Sides: light Back: light |
| 3 | Turku | 2015 | North-west | 5 | Window = 1.8 × 1.4 – 0.7 Balcony door = 1.0 × 2.1 | 2.6 | 3.3 × 1.5 | Riikku Rakenteet Oy; frameless/half length | Frosted glass | Side: dark orange Back: light |
| 4 | Turku | 2020 | North-west | 4 | Window = 1.9 × 1.2 – 0.9 Balcony door = 1.0 × 2.1 | 2.6 | 2.4 × 2.9 | Lumon; frameless/half length | Transparent glass + steel balusters | Side: orange Back: orange |
| 5 | Tampere | 1970 | East | 2 | Window = 1.9 × 1.8 – 0.6 Balcony door = 0.9 × 2.3 | 2.6 | 3.3 × 1.5 | Lumon; frameless/half length | Concrete + transparent glass | Sides: light Back: light |
| 6 | Helsinki | 2013 | South-west | 6 | Window = 1.9 × 2.3 Balcony door = 1.0 × 2.3 | 2.6 | 3.4 × 2.3 | Alumasi + blinds; framed/full length | Steel balusters | Sides: light Back: light |
| 7 | Helsinki | 2013 | North-west | 7 | Window 1 = 1.9 × 2.3 Window 2 = 1.2 × 2.3 Balcony door = 1.0 × 2.3 | 2.6 | 5 (+1.2 of storage) × 2.3 | Alumasi; framed/full length | Steel balusters | Sides: light Back: light |
| 8 | Helsinki | 2013 | North-west | 3 | Window 1 = 1.9 × 2.3 Window 2 = 1.2 × 2.3 Balcony door = 1.0 × 2.3 | 2.6 | 5 (+1.2 of storage) × 2.3 | Alumasi + blinds; framed/half-length | Concrete | Sides: light Back: light |
| 9 | Oulu | 2006 | West | 4 | Window 1 = 2.4 × 1.9 – 0.4 Window 2 = 0.9 × 1.9 – 0.4 Balcony door = 1.0 × 2.3 | 2.6 | 2.3 × 3.8 | Lumon; frameless/half length | Transparent glass | Side: dark orange Back: light |
| 10 | Turku | 1998 | South-east | 5 | Window = 1.6 × 1.4 – 0.9 Balcony door = 0.9 × 2.3 | 2.6 | 3.7 × 1.8 | Lumon; frameless/half length | Concrete | Side: light Back: light orange |
Figure 2
Site photos of the case study balconies.
Figure 3
Map of Finland showing the case study sites and climate dataset locations used in the modelling.
Figure 4
Example plan illustrating in-situ measurement methodology (see CS3 in Appendix A in the supplemental data online).
Figure 5
Modelled apartment and cutaway view showing the daylight measuring plane.
Figure 6
Daylight factor (DF) map of the in-situ measurements of the case studies.
Figure 7
In-situ illuminance measurements of the case studies compared with the CEN (2018) standard.
Figure 8
Case study 3 (CS3): daylight factor (DF) analysis and proposed improvements.